1. Energy Dependence and CO 2 : Nearest-Term Opportunities for a Dramatic Reduction Drs. Paul J. Werbos and James A. Momoh NSF, IEEE, ACUNU/MP, Howard U. -- presenting personal, not official, views PJW: 80s: EIA/DOE lead analyst for long-term energy futures pwerbos@nsf.gov

2. National Science Foundation Engineering Directorate Computer & Info. Science Directorate ECSIIS Control, Networks and Computational Intelligence EPDT: Chips, Optics, Etc. Robotics AI Information Technology Research (ITR)

3. MegaChallenges for the 21 st Century & ECS Role Key Challenges To Basic Scientific Understanding: – How to build/understand real Intelligent Systems? (computational intelligence) – How does the Universe work? (Quantum...) – What is Life? (QSB quantitative biotechnology) Key Broader Challenges to Humanity: – Sustainable growth on earth – Cost-effective sustainable space settlement – Human potential

4. Some budget numbers for Fiscal Years 2003, 2004 Total Engineering Directorate:$540m, $565m Total Electrical and Communication Systems (ECS) : $73m, $75m Available for new awards in ECS core programs: $36m, $35m Success rates for regular unsolicited proposals in ECS core programs: 24%, 11%

5. www. stateofthefuture.org CD-ROM Energy Paper

6. When Oil and Gas Get Too Costly, Economically or Politically… How do we keep our cars running? Where does the new fuel or electricity come from? Sources? Distribution? – Rapid growth in imports of LNG Serious hope of avoiding a crisis of dependency in time but no guarantee

7. HOW MUCH TO REDUCE CO 2, WHEN? 20042030 2100 Kyoto Approach: Too little The Middle Way: 6-fold goal 30 years The Purist Way: True H 2, Too late Carbon Dioxide Reduction

8. TECHNICAL PILLARS OF THE MIDDLE WAY INDEPENDENT SUSTAINABLE CAR FUELS TRULY INTELLIGENT POWER GRID INDEPENDENT SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY Flexible fuel (e.g. Stirling) Plug-in hybrid – step to electric New type fuel cell cars Methanol production Autonomous Adaptive Cyber Control MEMS, GPS Cleanest coal IGCC/sequest. Solar farms Space solar Also Team B?

9. The chicken and egg problem: which comes first? H 2 fuel, H 2 car? Would you buy a car that only runs on H 2 before your local gas station carries H 2 ? Are PR stations enough? Would you invest $trillion in gas stations and pipelines before people have H 2 cars? Technically: nonconvexity problem; also high costs

10. Long-Term Clean Alternatives to Carrying H 2 in Your Car Tank Hydrogen Carriers – proven tested fuels that easily release hydrogen for use on-board a car – Methanol, our best hope (next slide) – Ammonia & other carbon-free fuels (but chicken&egg problem again) Electric Cars – Cleanest, most efficient, but needs R&D; cant yet beat C; new batteries in lab exciting, but not yet… PLUG-IN HYBRIDS COULD GET US THERE. Thermal Batteries (Long-term option if Stirling grows)

11. What IS Methanol? C H H H H C H H H O H C H H H O H C H H Methane Natural Gas Scarce as Oil Needs Special Tank Ethanol e.g From Corn Drinkable Methanol Good H Carrier Can Be Bioliquid Or From Coal, Gas

12. Best Hope for Fuel Cell Cars Carry methanol in the gas tank Small steam reformers (proven known technology) to convert methanol to hydrogen in car Carbon-tolerant alkaline fuel cell – Unlike PEM fuel cell, no peroxide loss of energy and erosion; can be made cheaper – Realistic hope of twice the miles/Btu of hybrids – Recent proof of air-electrode carbon tolerance (ECS$) – Plan for fuel side; can use carbon black electrodes and Jiffy Lube electrolyte refreshing Breakthru battery R&D needed for all hopes!

13. GEM Flexibly Fuel Vehicles (FFV) One Tank To Hold Them All G: Gasoline E: Ethanol M: Methanol With an FFV, you choose each day which to buy At $100-200/car, a more open competition, level playing field, better unleash the power of the free market 40% of new cars in Brazil GE flexible already

14. GEM Flexibility Is Well- Established ALCOHOL FUELS "Detroit is ready now to -- make cars that would run on any combination of gasoline and alcohol -- either ethanol, made from corn or methanol, made from natural gas or coal or even wood. Cars produce less pollution on alcohol fuels, and they perform better, too. Let us turn away from our dependence on imported oil to domestic products -- corn, natural gas, and coal -- and look for energy not just from the Middle East but from the Middle West." Source: George Bush 1988 Campaign Brochures www.4president.org

15. AREAS FOR NEEDED LEGAL REFORMS Ethanol+Methanol Fuel flexibility should be MANDATORY in new gasoline-using cars from 2006/7/8. Hybrids or advanced Stirling can also use GEM fuel tanks easily. Incentives and research opportunities for bio-methanol should be the same as for bioethanol, biohydrogen or better Zoning rules discouraging Distributed Generation should be modified to simplify renewable or alcohol fuel use Grid regulation needs to be made to fit "intelligence Leak proof tanks in gas stations for ALL fuels

16. Short-Term Benefit of FFVs to US Oil/Gas Industry Outside US, cost of new methanol is $98/ton from remote gas (Google Canaccord methanol), much of which is now wasted (vented and flared). For oil companies, new remote methanol plant will be equivalent to new proved reserves! Free market will supply methanol if FFVS. Dont burn CH4 to electricity! There are better new electricity sources! Near-Term R&D: CH4-to-Methanol: small $ to follow up Catalytica, could cut cost in half

17. MAIN Sustainable Paths as Oil/Gas Run Out (i.e. Cost More) Nuclear Space Solar Earth Solar Coal Electricity Methanol (CH4OH) Motor Vehicles Industry Buildings ? Methane

18. Sources: Where Does the Electricity or Methanol Come From If Not Oil/Gas? Two scenarios: Base-Case-Present-Trends Versus Real-Hope-If-We-Act-More Base Case: – Iran, China, eventually everyone builds fission as fast as they can. Bin Laden Construction Co. and its less savory competitors grow very rich, very fast. 4-8¢/kwh – Little guys (wind, rooftop solar, Anwar, ethanol) make big $ but dont plug half the supply-demand gap – Supply-demand gap still widens. Old coal fills the gap, filling half the world with barely survivable air (worse than Chinas cities today). Not so much methanol. – Santa Claus drowns Arctic Ice Cap Double or Nothing

19. Real Hope If We Work/Think Hard THREE TEAM A TECHNOLOGIES – We know that all three CAN WORK and CAN provide all the worlds energy needs cleanly – IGCC (Cool Water/Texaco/Eastmann/GE) Clean Coal Technology, Good for carbon sequestration, efficiency, wants to produce electricity and methanol together – solar farms on earth with mirror or lenses: but breakthru needed on cost, new workshops? – Space solar power – new designs from NASA-NSF-EPRI Need better (agile, international?) funding vehicle for high risk breakthrough TEAM B hopes, like advanced large- scale biomethanol biotechnology.

20. Some Issues Re Earth Solar DOE 10-year targets: 14¢/kwh PV, intermittent power, cant compete with coal 4¢ baseload. Cost of balance of system is stubborn with solar farms. Even worse for low efficiency (now 3%) nano-based PVs this decade. Sandia has projected 6¢/kwh using mirrors and advanced Stirling to convert heat to electricity. But we dont yet have the mirrors and improvements seem slow. Cost breakthrough in mirrors may be possible, e.g. as spinoff of NASA work on flexible self-assembling lenses to focus light for space use. But options have yet to be scoped out and explored systematically. Workshops? All DG (solar, biomass, wind…): Hayes says hookups are the real barrier. Solution: intelligent grid and zoning changes and improved advanced Stirling (industry)

21. NSF-NASA Workshop on Learning/Robotics For Cheaper (Competitive) Solar Power See NSF 02-098 at www.nsf.gov &URLs

22. Some Outcomes 98 proposals, $21 million recommended after tough merit review, $3 million funded Previous NASA SERT program: first well-validated designs but 17¢/kwh even assuming $200/lb earth-to-LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Now 4 designs may achieve cost breakthrus, merit follow-up. One – hybrid light-to-light laser with D-D inertial fusion and microwave beaming might get <1¢/kwh for kwh to receiver (rectenna). Little of Texas A&M claims he can demo ability to avoid communications interference. Near-term vehicle design 1 st wi real hope <$200/lb

23. Key Needs for Space Solar Partnership with NASA New Big Laser (2/4 cheap ways) Affordable launch (follow-on to ECS- funded plasma hypersonics) Improved Robotics – REQUIRES MORE USE OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE!!! (NSF/DARPA??) Cheaper rectennas – PES/MTT partnership

24. Human mentors robot and then robot improves skill Learning allowed robot to quickly learn to imitate human, and then improve agile movements (tennis strokes). Learning many agile movements quickly will be crucial to enabling >80% robotic assembly in space. Schaal, Atkeson NSF ITR project

25. Distribution and Grids: Upgrading the Middle is As Important As Cars And Sources! Nuclear Space Solar Earth Solar Coal Electricity Methanol (CH4OH) Motor Vehicles Industry Buildings Successful Transition Will Require An Intelligent Electric Power Grid ?

26. Dynamic Stochastic Optimal Power Flow (DSOPF): How to Integrate the Nervous System of Electricity DSOPF02 started from EPRI question: can we optimally manage&plan the whole grid as one system, with foresight, etc.? Closest past precedent: Momohs OPF integrates &optimizes many grid functions – but deterministic and without foresight. UPGRADE! ADP math required to add foresight and stochastics, critical to more complete integration.

27. Beyond Bellman: Learning & Approximation for Optimal Management of Larger Complex Systems Basic thrust is scientific. Bellman gives exact optima for 1 or 2 continuous state vars. New work allows 50-100 (thousands sometimes). Goal is to scale up in space and time -- the math we need to know to know how brains do it. And unify the recent progress. Low lying fruit -- missile interception, vehicle/engine control, strategic games New book from ADP02 workshop in Mexico www.eas.asu.edu/~nsfadp (IEEE Press, 2004, Si et al eds)

28. Emerging Ways to Get Closer to Brain-Like Systems IEEE Computational Intelligence (CI) Society, new to 2004, about 2000 people in meetings. Central goal: end-to-end learning from sensors to actuators to maximize performance of plant over future, with general-purpose learning ability. This is DARPAs new cogno in the new nano-info- bio-cogno convergence This is end-to-end cyberinfrastructure – See hot link at bottom of www.eng.nsf.gov/ecs Whats new is a path to make it real

29. Intelligent Grid Requires Intelligence But Also Hardware Brain-like intelligence is embodied intelligence; sensors, actuators and feedback on performance are essential parts of the new designs. Reduce world CH4 to kwh: sell and upgrade Brazils superior transmission technology (Pilotto, Watanabe: could save California billions quickly, allow cheap electricity from underused Utah coal plants) EPRI plan to add more communications, sensors, intelligent appliances (e.g. car chargers to turn on at quiet times at night, to exploit times of strong wind) Interface of intelligent grid with human users, markets and regulations. (www.pserc.cornell.edu; EPNES at www.nsf.gov.)www.pserc.cornell.edu