1. Kathleen Stassen Berger Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A. 1 Part V Adolescence: Psychosocial Development Chapter Sixteen Identity Relationships Sexuality Sadness and Anger

2. 2 Identity A consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.

3. 3 Identity vs. Diffusion –Erikson’s terms for the fifth stage of development –the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” –confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.

4. 4 Identity Achievement –Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity –the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual –in accord with past experiences and future plans.

5. 5 Identity, cont. Not Yet Achievement –identity diffusion is the opposite of identity achievement… –it is a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is. “Whatever.”

6. 6 Identity Foreclosure –Erickson’s term for premature identity formation –occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis.

7. 7 Identity Moratorium –A way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement choices –finding an accepted way to avoid identity achievement. going to college is the most common example

8. 8 Identity, cont. religious identity –few teenagers achieve –most religions expect young people to struggle with theological questions sexual or gender identity –“sex/sexual” referring to biological male/female characteristics –“gender” referring to cultural and social characteristics

9. 9 Identity, cont. “political” or “ethnic” identity –political, identifying with a party –ethnic, identifying with a person vocational identity –few teenagers can find meaningful work –most available jobs are different from in the past the required skills for many vocations take years to attain – makes it premature to select at age 16

10. 10 Relationships Adults and teenagers Conflicts at home –bickering – repeated, petty arguments What do you see in the body position of these two that suggests a generational conflict?

11. 11 Relationships Closeness with the family –Communication talk openly with one another –Support rely on one another –Connectedness emotionally close –Control encourage or limit autonomy –parental monitoring – parent knowledge about child’s whereabouts

12. 12 Relationships Ongoing influence Peer Support Cliques and Crowds –Clique A group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders –Crowd A large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily related

13. 13 Relationships Choosing friends –peer pressure social pressure to conform to peer activities –deviance training destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms –peer selection ongoing, active process whereby adolescents select friends based on shared interests and values –peer facilitation encouragement adolescents give one another to partake in activities or behaviors they would not otherwise do alone – constructive or destructive

14. 14 Relationships Friends of Both Sexes –parents sometime worry about boy-girl contact.. Immigrant Youth –millions of immigrants born abroad or those whose parents were born in another nation one-third in Frankfurt one-half in Amsterdam two-thirds in Los Angeles and New York

15. 15 Sexuality Before Committed Partnership 1.groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other 2.a loose association of girls and boys, with public interactions within a crowd 3.small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd 4.formation of couples, with private intimacies

16. 16 Sexuality Romances –first appears in high school

17. 17 Sexuality Homosexual Youth –complications slow down the formation of friendships and romantic bonds Learning About Sex –parents and societies continue to be concerned about adolescent sexual relationships Peers –sexual behavior is strongly influenced by information, and examples of other adolescents

18. 18 Sexuality, cont. Parents –play a pivotal role in teenagers sexual decisions Sex Education in School –U.S. began a massive experiment in 1998 Sexual Behavior –not all adolescents are having sex –rates vary from nation to nation teen births overall have decreased dramatically in every nation the use of “protection” has increased the abortion rate is also down

19. 19 Sadness and Anger Comorbidity –a situation in which two or more unreleated illnesses or disorders occur at the same time Depression –Clinical depression Suicide –Suicidal ideation Parasuicide Cluster suicides

20. 20 Sadness and Anger, cont. More destructiveness Breaking the law –Incidence –Prevalence

21. 21 Sadness and Anger, cont. Cause of delinquency –Life-course-persistent offender –Adolescence-limited offender