1. The Roman Republic
Chapter 6, Section 1

2. The Origins of Rome Rome’s Geography The First Romans
Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic location
Located on Italian Peninsula in the center of the Mediterranean Sea.
Built on seven hills along Tiber River
The First Romans
Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for control of the region.
Latins found original settlement of Rome between 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C.
Etruscans native to northern Italy influence Roman civilization

4. The Early Republic Early Rulers
Around 600 B.C. Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome.
Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers
Romans overthrow cruel Etruscan kings in 509 B.C.
Romans found a republic—a government in which citizens elect leaders.

5. The Early Republic Patricians and Plebeians
Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic
Patricians—wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power
Plebeians—artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but cannot rule
Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights

6. The Early Republic Twelve Tables
In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets.
Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law.
Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law.
Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners.
The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum

7. The Early Republic Government Under the Republic
Rome elects two consuls—one to lead the army and one to direct government.
Senate—chosen from Roman upper class; makes foreign and domestic policy.
Democratic assemblies elect tribunes and makes laws for common people.
Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis.

8. The Early Republic The Roman Army
Roman legion—military unit of 5,000 infantry, supported by cavalry.
Army is powerful and a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness.

9. Rome Spreads Its Power Rome Conquers Italy
The Romans defeat the Etruscans in the north and the Greek city-states in the south.
By 265 B.C., Rome controls the entire Italian peninsula.
Rome treats the conquered peoples justly. This enables Rome to grow.

10. Rome Spreads Its Power Rome’s Commercial Network
Rome establishes a large trading network.
Access to the Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes.
Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome.

11. Rome Spreads Its Power War with Carthage Rome Triumphs
Rome and Carthage begin the Punic Wars—three wars between 264 through 146 B.C.
Rome defeats Carthage and wins Sicily in the first 23-year war.
Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, avenges this defeat in the Second Punic War.
He attacks Italy through Spain and France, but doesn’t take Rome.
Rome Triumphs
Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal in 202 B.C.
Rome destroys Carthage and enslaves its people in the Third Punic War from B.C.

12. Hannibal crossing the Alps in the Second Punic War

13. The Roman Empire
Chapter 6, Section 2

14. The Republic Collapses
Economic Turmoil
Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows.
Farmers and former soldiers lose to large estates and become homeless.
Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help the poor, but are murdered.
Civil war—conflict between groups within the same country begins.

15. The Republic Collapses
Military Upheaval
Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal.
Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals

16. The Republic Collapses
Julius Caesar Takes Control
Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.
Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form a triumvirate—a group of three leaders.
Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power.
Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges him.
Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

17. The Republic Collapses
Caesar’s Reforms
Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor.
Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.

18. The Republic Collapses
Beginning of the Empire
43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate.
Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy and violence.
In 31 B.C. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at Actium
Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,” and rules Rome.

19. A Vast and Powerful Empire
Pax Romana
Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empire.
Power no longer resides with citizens, but in a single ruler.
Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana
A Sound Government
Augustus, Rome’s ablest ruler, creates a lasting system of government.
Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings
Sets up a civil service to administer the empire

20. A Vast and Powerful Empire
Agriculture and Trade
Agriculture is the most important industry in the empire; 90% of Romans farm.
Common coin, denarius, makes trade within empire easier
Rome has a vast trading network which includes China and India.
Network of Roman roads links the empire to Persia and Russia.

21. The Roman World Slaves and Captivity Gods and Goddesses
Slavery is a significant part of Roman life in both cities and farms.
Some slaves become gladiators; forced to fight to the death.
Gods and Goddesses
Early Romans honored guardian spirits and gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
Worship of emperor becomes part of official religion of Rome.

22. The Roman World Society and Culture
Rich live well; most people are poor, receive grain from government.
150 holidays and Colosseum events were created to control the masses.

23. The Rise of Christianity
Chapter 6, Section 3

24. The Life and Teaching of Jesus
Romans Conquer Judea
Rome conquers Judea, home of the Jews; makes it part of the empire in A.D. 6
Many Jews believe in a coming Messiah (meaning anointed one), or savior, who will eventually free them.

25. The Life and Teaching of Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus was born in Bethlehem sometime around 6 to 4 B.C.
He was raised in Nazareth in the province of Galilee.
He is a carpenter until about the age 30 when he begins preaching.
Mosaic of Jesus at Church of San Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.

26. The Life and Teaching of Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth (continued)
According to the four Gospels (of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) Jesus is said to perform miracles.
He stresses a personal relationship with God, love for friends and enemies.

27. The Life and Teaching of Jesus
A Growing Movement
Apostles-from the Greek word “apostolos” means literally “someone sent out.” These are twelve men who are close disciples of Jesus.
Jesus ignores wealth and status; his message appeals to the poor.
Sermon on the Mount by Danish painter Carl Heinrich Bloch, 1890.

28. The Life and Teaching of Jesus
Jesus Death
Many Jews view Jesus as the Messiah; others see him as a false teacher.
Roman governor Pontius Pilate sentences Jesus to be crucified.
Apostles believe Jesus resurrected from the dead and ascended into heaven.
Jesus comes to be called “Christos,” the Greek word for “savior.” The word Christian and Christianity is derived from that word.

29. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Growth of Christianity
Followers spread Christianity—new religion based on the teachings of Jesus.
The term “Christian” to designate followers of Christianity was first used in Antioch (see Acts 11: 26).

30. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Paul’s Mission
Was originally named Saul, and was a member of the strict Jewish sect of Pharisees.
He persecutes Christians at first, but on his way to Damascus to arrest some Christians he has an experience where he claimed Jesus appeared to him calling him to be an Apostle to the Gentiles.
Saint Paul, by El Greco, circa

31. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Paul spends his life preaching and interpreting Christianity.
Paul stresses Jesus is the Son of God who died for people’s sins.
Paul declared that Christianity was open to all, Gentile as well as Jew.
The common languages of Latin and Greek, spoken throughout the empire, helps the spread of the Christian message. The New Testament is written entirely in common (Koine) Greek spoken by most people who live in the eastern Mediterranean region.

32. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Paul is the author of epistles or letters to the churches. All of these letters existing were included in the New Testament.
Romans
1 and 2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 and 2 Thessalonians
The Pastoral Epistles to Timothy and Titus
Philemon

33. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Jewish Rebellion
Jews rebel against Rome in 66 A.D.
Romans storm Jerusalem and destroy the Temple in 70 A.D.
Another Jewish rebellion occurs in 132 A.D., which the Romans crush. Jews and ethnically Jewish Christians are barred from Jerusalem.
Diaspora—centuries of Jewish exile—from the Greek word for “dispersal”.

35. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Persecution of the Christians
Christians won’t worship the Roman gods or the emperor. They are considered enemies of the State.
Roman rulers use Christians as scapegoats for hard times.
As Pax Romana crumbles, Christians are crucified, burned, and killed in the arena.

36. A World Religion Christianity’s Expansion
Christianity becomes a powerful force and appeals to people because of these reasons:
embraces all people
gives hope to the powerless
appeals to those repelled by extravagance of Roman life
offers a personal relationship with God
promises eternal life after death

37. A World Religion Constantine Accepts Christianity
Constantine—Roman emperor battles for control of Rome in A.D. 312.
He has a vision of a cross—the Christian symbol—and places it on soldiers’ shields.
He believes Christian God helped him win the battle and legalizes Christianity.
In A.D. 380 the Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the religion of the empire.

38. A World Religion Early Christian Church
Priests direct a single church (parish).
Bishops supervise numerous churches (diocese)
Apostle Peter is considered the first bishop of Rome, therefore, the clergy trace their authority to him.
Pope—means father or head of the Christian Church. Rome becomes the center of the Church.

39. A World Religion A Single Voice The Fathers of the Church
Church leaders compile standard Christian beliefs in the New Testament
The New Testament is added to the Hebrew Bible (renamed the Old Testament)
The Fathers of the Church
Early writers and scholars of Christianity are called Fathers of the Church
Augustine, bishop in North Africa, is one of the most important Fathers
He stressed the importance of receiving the sacraments to obtain God’s grace
He wrote his most famous book, The City of God.

40. Role in the Rise and Spread of Christianity
Person(s)
Role in the Rise and Spread of Christianity
1. Jesus of Nazareth
2. apostles
3. Paul
4. Pontius Pilate
5. Constantine
6. Peter
7. Augustine

41. Acts 11:26
“and when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch. For a whole year they met with the church and taught a great many people. And in Antioch the disciples were first called Christians.” (ESV)

42. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Chapter 6, Section 4

43. A Century in Crisis
End of Marcus Aurelius’ reign as emperor (A.D ) brought about end of Pax Romana. Ruler’s after Marcus Aurelius had no idea how to deal with the giant empire and its problems.

44. Rome’s Economy Weakens
Hostile tribes and pirates disrupt trade. Empire at limit of expansion and lacks new sources of gold and silver.
empire raised taxes as a result
empire minted coins with less silver inflation resulted

45. Rome’s Economy Weakens
Agriculture faced serious problems
Harvests were increasingly meager because soil lost fertility.
Years of war destroyed farmland. Serious food shortages, disease, and population decline resulted.

46. Military and Political Turmoil
Roman military in disarray
less disciplined soldiers
allegiance to commanders, not to Rome itself
recruiting of mercenaries who were less loyal to Rome
Less loyalty among average citizens
Earlier Romans cared more about the Republic.
Later Romans lose their sense of patriotism.

47. Emperors Attempt Reform
Diocletian Reforms the Empire
Becomes emperor in 284.
Severely limits personal freedoms.
Doubles size of Roman army.
Controls inflation by price fixing.
Divides the empire
Greek speaking East (takes for himself)
Latin-speaking West (appoints a co-ruler)
Kept overall control.
Retired in A.D. 305, but civil war broke out.
Four rivals competed for control, including the commander Constantine

48. Emperors Attempt Reform
Constantine Moves the Capital
A.D. 312 Constantine gains control of the western part of the empire.
A.D. 324 he secures the eastern empire and the system of a single ruler.
A.D. 330 Constantine moves the capital from Rome to Byzantium on the Bosporus Strait between Europe and Asia.
The center of power shifts from Rome to the east.

49. The Western Empire Crumbles
Germanic Invasions
A.D. 370 the Huns move into Europe causing the Germanic peoples to flee into Roman territory.
A.D. 410 Germans invade and overrun Rome itself and plunder it for three days. Attila the Hun
In 444 the Huns unite under Attila and terrorize both halves of the empire.
In 452 the Huns advance against Rome, but fail in conquering the city due to famine and disease.
Attila dies in 453.

50. The Western Empire Crumbles
An Empire No More
14-year-old emperor Romulus Augustulus ousted by German by German forces in 426.
Roman power in the western half of the empire ceases to exist.
The eastern half of the empire comes to be called the Byzantine Empire, and flourishes for 1,000 years.
The Byzantine emperors ruled from Constantinople.
The Byzantine emperors saw themselves as heirs to the power of Augustus Caesar.

51. 6.5 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
The Romans develop many ideas and institutions that become fundamental to Western Civilization.

52. The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization
A New Culture Emerges
Romans adopt aspects of Greek and Hellenistic culture
Results in Greco-Roman culture, or classical civilization

53. The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization
Roman Fine Arts
Romans develop bas-relief sculptures to tell stories [Visual 1]
Artists skilled in creating mosaics, painting frescoes
Pompeii—Roman town; ash from volcano eruption A.D. 79 preserves art [Visual 2]

54. The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization
Learning and Literature
Romans borrow from Greek philosophy and literature
Poet Virgil writes epic Aeneid modeled after Homer’s Greek epics
Roman historian Tacitus excels in writing factually accurate history
Annals and Histories provide comprehensive look at Roman life

55. The Legacy of Rome The Latin Language
Latin was official language of Roman Catholic Church until 1900s
Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian
More than half the words in English stem from Latin

56. The Legacy of Rome Master Builders [Visual]
Romans pioneer use of arch; also used domes and concrete
Create aqueducts—structures to bring water into cities, towns

57. The Legacy of Rome Roman System of Law Rome’s Enduring Influence
Principles of Roman law form basis of modern legal systems
Rome’s Enduring Influence
By preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition