2. Life in Imperial Rome Life for the Rich Pax Romana provided prosperity for many Rich citizens had both city, country homes Homes had conveniences like running water, baths Wealthy men spent much time in politics Public Life Public officials not paid; only wealthy could afford to hold office Roman politicians worked to perfect public-speaking skills Ties of marriage, friendship, family alliances as important as common interests for public officials, political groups

3. Roman Sculpture Collectors and copiers of Greek work (which was more idealistic) Categories included: – Portrait sculpture – Statues – Paintings & Mosaics – Relief Sculptures Roman work was more realistic (showed wrinkles, budges, and aging.)

4. Republican Couple

5. Portraits of Emperors Julius Caesar Nero Hadrian Marcus Aurelius

6. Wealth and Trade It is believed that Roman trade extended as far as China or at least with India as an intermediary This trade coupled with the wealth from granaries made rich Roman’s lives very comfortable

7. Glass Work Roman’s ability to work with metal and glass showed a tremendous about of skill and ability Only the rich could afford such luxuries

8. Roman Frescoes

9. Life for the Poor Nearly 1 million Romans lived in crowded three- or four-story apartment buildings Fire a constant threat – Torches used for light – Charcoal used for cooking To keep poor from rebelling – Free food, public entertainment offered – Two things interested public—bread, circuses

10. Public Entertainment Entertainments Romans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot races Held in Circus Maximus—racetrack could hold 250,000 spectators Also liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats, clowns Bloody Spectacles Romans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheaters Wild animals battled each other and professional fighters Gladiator contests most popular, performed in Colosseum for 50,000 people Public Baths Popular places for entertainment Romans well aware of importance of bathing, hygiene for health Many public baths had steam rooms, meeting rooms, and pools for socializing

11. Family Patriarchal Structure Head of family—paterfamilias, family father—oldest living male Had extensive powers over other members of family Within family structure, virtues of simplicity, religious devotion, obedience emphasized Adoption important in Roman society, a way to ensure family name would be carried on Women could do little without intervention of male guardian, more freedom in lower classes Education and Religion Upper class Romans placed great value on education Parents taught children at home; wealthy families hired tutors or sent sons to exclusive schools to learn Latin, Greek, law, math, public speaking Romans adopted much from Greek mythology, also from Egyptians, others Each family worshipped local household gods, penates Many worshipped emperor

12. Signs and Augurs Worshipping the gods Romans believed gods sent signs, warnings – Came in form of natural phenomena – Flight of birds, arrangement of entrails of sacrificial animals Paid respect to augurs – Priests who specialized in interpreting signs – Nothing important undertaken without first consulting augurs

13. Rome’s Cultural Legacy Although the Western Roman Empire fell in 476, much of Roman culture continued to influence life for centuries. In fact, we can still see many of the legacies of the great empire today. Science and Engineering Romans less interested in original scientific research than in collecting and organizing information Galen Physician, AD 100s Wrote volumes summarizing all medical knowledge of his day Greatest authority in medicine for centuries Other Thinkers Ptolemy stated knowledge of others as single theory in astronomy Pliny the Elder wrote about Mount Vesuvius

14. Practical Knowledge Romans practical, tried to apply knowledge gained from science to planning cities, building water and sewage systems, improving farming Roman engineers constructed roads, bridges, amphitheaters, public buildings, aqueducts to bring water to cities Without aqueducts, cities would not have grown as large Added urban plan to every city they conquered; many still seen today

15. Roads Roads that connected Rome with provinces still survive today Vital to keeping the empire supplied and secure

16. Roads A.PAVING SLABS The road was paved with hard-wearing stone slabs. The middle of the road was made higher than the sides so rain would drain off. A.LAYERS OF PEBBLES AND GRAVEL A layer of pebbles and gravel was rammed down to form a hard surface. B.DIGGING The Romans dug a trench 1 metre deep and 7 metres wide. Drainage ditches were also dug alongside the road. A.FOUNDATIONS The trench was covered with sand and large stones. These were packed tightly to make strong foundations.

17. Architecture Many examples still seen throughout southern Europe, northern Africa, Southwest Asia Dominant advances Round Arch and the Vault Concrete Dome These innovations allowed the Romans to construct larger structures than earlier societies

18. Roman Aqueduct

19. Romans developed concrete, with which they built amazing structures that still stand today A revolution in architectural design Created larger heavier buildings Knowledge to make concrete was lost until the mid 18 th century Roman bridges still span French, German, Spanish rivers It was concrete that allowed the Romans to build the massive domed Pantheon Concrete

20. Aqueduct in Segovia, SpainArch Bridge in Spain

21. Hadrian’s Wall in Britain

22. Early Roman Amphitheatre

23. Roman Theatre

24. Circus Maximus

25. The Dome Basilicas – Large and relatively open space – Examples: Pantheon Early Christian churches With the dome the Romans could surpass their earlier cultures by their ability to span space

26. The Pantheon Plans

27. The Pantheon

28. Pantheon’s Dome

29. Roman Colosseum

30. Interior of the Colosseum Arena is Latin for the sand, coating the floor that soaked up the blood of the combatants

31. Legacies Language Romance languages developed from Latin Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian English owes much vocabulary to Latin Examples: et cetera, veto, curriculum Literature Technique of satire derived from Roman authors For centuries, writers have borrowed from authors like Virgil Law Romans used system called civil law, based on written code Adopted by many countries in Europe after empire fell Civil Law Systems Systems carried to Asian, African, American colonies Roman influence still seen in today’s legal system worldwide Ruins Ruins of buildings inspired generations of architects Brunelleschi, Michelangelo, Thomas Jefferson, others