1. Domain 2 PART 1 Chapter 6 Biological Bases of Behavior

2. The Nervous System The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.

3. Divisions of the Nervous System

5. Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary muscle movement. Uses motor (efferent) neurons.

6. Autonomic Nervous System Controls the automatic functions of the body. Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic

7. Homeostasis

8. Reflexes Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain. Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord. Survival adaptation.

9. Spinal Injury Risk Taking Story

10. Neurons Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves or strings of long, thin cells called neurons. Chemical electrical signals travel down the neurons Neurons can fire over and over, hundreds of times a minute Neurons fire on an all-or-none principle On average a human has 100 Billion neurons

12. Dendrites – short thin fibers that stick out from the cell body – Receive impulses, or messages, from other neurons and send them to the cell body Dendrites

13. Nucleus – Contains genetic material for the cell – Acts as the cells brain Nucleus

14. Cell Body – Protects the nucleus – Produces the energy needed to fuel neuron activity Cell Body

15. Myelin sheath – Insulates and protects the axon for some neurons – Multiple sclerosis – myelin sheath is destroyed resulting in erratic and uncoordinated behavior. – Myelin sheath speeds up the transmission of impulses. Multiple Sclerosis Video Myelin sheath

16. Axon – Long fiber – Carries the impulses away from the cell body toward the dendrites of the next neuron. Axon

17. Axon terminals – Small fibers which branch out at the end of the axon – Releases the neurotransmitters - chemical messages Synapse – Junctions between the axon terminal and dendrite

18. Types of Neurotransmitters Norepinephrine - memory and learning Endorphin – inhibit pain Acetylcholine – movement and memory (too little Paralysis and Alzheimer’s disease) Dopamine – learning, emotional arousal and movement (too much schizophrenia, too little Parkinson’s disease) Serotonin – feelings of well being an happiness (too little depression)

19. The Brain

20. The human brain is the largest brain of all vertebrates relative to body size It weighs about 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms) The brain makes up about 2 percent of a human's body weight The cerebrum makes up 85 percent of the brain's weight It contains about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons)

21. 3 Major Parts

22. HINDBRAIN The ________________ is involved in the most basic processes of life and includes structures such as the cerebellum, medulla, and pons. The ________________ is located behind the spinal cord and helps control posture, balance and voluntary movements. The medulla controls _______________, ________________, and ______________________. The pons functions as a ________________ between the brain and spinal cord and also provides chemicals necessary to ________________.

23. MIDBRAIN The _________________ is the smallest part of the brain. It is responsible for ________________ sensory information and _________________ it upward.

24. FOREBRAIN The forebrain covers the brain’s ______________________. All sensory information with the exception of ____________________ enters the _________________ and relayed to the appropriate part of the cortex. The hypothalamus controls functions such as ________________, _________________, and ______________________. The outer layer of the forebrain is known as the _______________________________________. The inner layer of the forebrain is known as the _______________________________________.

25. The ___________________ gives you the ability to learn and store complex and abstract information. The cortex or __________________ of the cerebrum is the site of your ____________________ thinking process, yet it is less than one-fourth inch thick. The limbic system found in the ____________________ of the forebrain, is composed of a number of different structures in the brain that regulate our _____________________, and __________________. Included in the limbic system are the ___________________, ______________________, _______________________, _________________________. The _______________________ controls violent emotions such as ______________and _____________________. The hippocampus is important in the formation of _____________________________________.

27. THE LOBES The ___________________ is really two hemispheres, or ______________________. The two sides are connected by fibers called the __________________________. Each cerebral hemisphere has deep groves, some of which mark regions or ________________.

29. LEFT BRAIN/RIGHT BRAIN In reality the two hemispheres of the brain _______________ and _______________ each other. The ___________________ carries messages between the two hemispheres. Each hemisphere is connected to one-half of the body in a ___________________ fashion. The left hemisphere is specialized for ____________________, ____________________, and ___________________________. The right hemisphere is more adept at___________________ and __________________.

30. STUDYING THE BRAIN Psychologist who map out the brain’s fissures and inner recesses using methods such as recording, stimulating, lesioning, accidents and imaging are known as _____________________________. The __________________________ activity of whole areas of the brain can be recorded with an ____________________________. Brain surgeon __________________________________ stimulated the brains of his patients during surgery to determine what functions the various parts of the brain perform. Scientists sometimes create _________________- by cutting or destroying part of an animal’s brain. If the animal behaves differently after the operation, they assume that the destroyed brain area is involved with that type of behavior.

31. In the 1940s Dr. Walter Freeman gained fame for perfecting the lobotomy, then hailed as a miracle cure for the severely mentally ill. But within a few years, lobotomy was labeled one of the most barbaric mistakes of modern medicine. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

32. Psychologist can learn from the tragedies when some people suffer ____________________. These accidents may involve the brain. Psychologists try to draw a connection between the damaged parts of the brain and a person’s behavior. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPAqTP7058Q

33. Today psychologists and medical researchers are using sophisticated techniques to study the brain including CAT scans, PET scans, MRIs, EEGs and ___________________________________________ is used to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration. ___________________________________________ is used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks. ___________________________________________ is used to study the brain structure and activity.

34. WHAT ARE THOSE SCANS USED FOR ANYWAY? ScanWhat you can see CAT Soft Tissue structure: ligament and tendon injury, spinal cord injury, brain tumors MRI Bone: bone injuries, lung and chest imaging, and detecting cancers PET how organs and tissues are working EEG Changes in brain activity resulting from: Epilepsy or other seizure disorder, Brain tumor, Head injury, Inflammation of the brain, Stroke, Sleep disorders, Memory impairment