1. Ancient India

3. Geography
The highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas, are in the north.
Two rivers:
Ganges
Indus
The rest of India is the Deccan Plateau.
Hilly and Dry interior
Lush coastal plains

5. Climate India’s climate is dominated by the monsoon cycle.
Seasonal winds that bring heavy rains.
Farmers depend on the monsoons.
If they come too early or late, or bring too much or too little rain, crops are destroyed and thousands starve.

8. Indus Valley Civilization
There were thousands of settlements in the Indus Valley.
Two major cities:
Harrapa
Mohenjo Daro
Between 3000BC and 1500BC
Sumer?
Egypt?
China?

9. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
Populations:
Harappa – 35,000
Mohenjo Daro – 40,000
Cities were highly organized:
Built in a grid pattern
Public wells supplied water for all
Wastewater and garbage systems took water and garbage out to the streets.

10. Public Well in Harappa

11. Sewer System in Harappa

12. Mohenjo Daro

14. Rendition of Mohenjo Daro

15. Government Citadel in Mohenjo Daro
Theocracy - A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.
Royal palace and holy temple were combined in the same fortress
Economy was based on farming and trade.
Traded with Sumer
Citadel in Mohenjo Daro

16. Disappearance and Immigration
Indus Valley cities began to gradually decay around 1800 B.C.
Floods
An earthquake
Course of the Indus River changes.
Final blow was an influx of new people called Aryans.
Bring major changes to India’s culture

17. A New Way of Life Indus Valley had no written language.
Aryans develop Sanskrit in around 1000BC.
Record all oral legends and traditions in the Vedas.
Holy text of Hinduism
Indus Valley and Aryan religions blended together.

18. Aryan Government and Life
India was broken into many small kingdoms.
Led by rajas (maharajas).
Society was centered around the family.
Extended family all under the same roof.
Patriarchal
- Arranged marriage

19. Social Structure in India
The Social Structure reflected the Aryan ideas of an ideal society.
Caste System
Every Indian is born into a caste.
Determines…
What job people could have.
Whom they could marry.
What groups they could socialize with.

20. Social Structure in India
A person’s caste is based on beliefs about religious purity.
Greater religious purity = higher caste.
Bottom castes = impure
Connects to beliefs about reincarnation
Lowest level – “untouchables”
So impure, they are outside the caste system completely.
Were given degrading tasks like collecting trash and handling dead bodies.

21. Social Structure in India

22. Hinduism

23. Introduction to Hinduism
Origins
Hinduism was a blend of Aryan and Dravidian (Indus Valley Civ.) religions.
The Basics
Vedas (“knowledge” in Sanskrit)
Religious text
Brahma
God, all-knowing universal force of the universe.
Monotheistic
Yet, Brahman takes many forms…

24. Vishnu
Preserver of the universe.

25. Shiva
Destroyer of the universe.

26. Durga
Mother, Warrior.

27. Ganesh
Wise and all knowing.

28. Principles of Hinduism
Samsara (Sansar)
Cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth.
Karma
The force generated by a person’s actions determines how the person will be reborn into the next life.
Moksha
The ultimate goal of samsara.
“Breaking the cycle,” uniting with Brahman

29. How does one achieve good Karma?
Dharma = Divine law, or “virtuous path.”
Make morally sound judgments.
Do your social duty.
(Castes?)
Yoga (“union”)
Meditation to become closer to Brahma.

30. Comparing Religions…
The outward differences between Hinduism and the religions of the West are obvious. In groups, contemplate the following question…
How are the belief system and practices of Hinduism similar to that of Judeo-Christian (“Western”) religions?
In groups, come up with at least 3 similarities.

31. Cultural Traditions of Hinduism
Why do women wear dots on their foreheads?
Its symbolizes the “third eye,” the one focused inwards towards your atma or soul.
I’ve heard that Hindus don’t eat beef. Is that true?
Yes. Hindus revere cows for their gentle nature and their life sustaining abilities. Also, cows commonly roam free in India. Much like it would be socially unacceptable to eat a horse or a dog in the United States, so to is it unacceptable to eat a cow in India.

32. Reviewing Hinduism What is the goal of life for Hindus?
How do you achieve that goal?
How does Hinduism reinforce the Caste System? How does it reinforce the Ritual of Suttee?

33. Buddhism

34. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama
A prince with every “everything”, discovers a great deal of human suffering outside “his world.”
Gives up “everything” to seek the cure for human suffering.
Goal: To seek Nirvana
Means end of the self and a reunion in life with the Great Soul
Four Noble Truths
Ordinary life is suffering
This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves
The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves
The way to end desire is to follow the middle path
“The Middle Path”
Next Page
Stupas and temples were built to honor the death of Gautama.
Stupas are stone towers that house relics of the Buddha

35. The Middle Path Right View: We need to know the Four Noble Truths
Right Intention:
We need to decide what we really want
Right Speech:
We must seek to speak truth and to speak well of others
Right Action:
The Buddha gave five precepts: “Do not kill. Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not be unchaste. Do not take drugs or alcohol.”
Right livelihood:
We must do work that uplifts our being.
Right effort:
The Buddha said, “Those who follow the Way might well follow the example of an ox that arches through the deep mud carrying a heavy load. He is tired, but his steady, forward-looking gaze will not relax until he is out of the mud.”
Right mindfulness:
We must keep our minds in control of our senses: “All we are is the result of what we have thought.”
Right concentration:
We must meditate to see the world in a new way.

36. Two Religions

37. Why Fat Buddha Statues?
The "Fat Buddha" is not THE Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama
The statue is not an idol.
Rubbing the belly of a fat Buddha Statue is not a prayer of any sort… it's just a more or less superstitious habit
Buddha means "one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment" and there are several people who have been given the title.
Siddhartha lived from around B.C. 560 to B.C. 480, it was not until around 127 BC that statues actually depicting him became prevalent.
Nobody knew what he really looked like, he was from a noble family and had been described as tall, slender, and of "manly build", but that may have been just because that is what people expected "Nobles" to look like.
The image of a fat overfed Buddha didn't fit with his teachings, and an "enlightened one" might be so enlightened as to disregard material needs like eating…
Buddhism reached China around 100AD, and was wide spread there by 600AD.
We get three theories on Fat Buddha.

38. First the physical image of a Noble was not athletic or a warrior, but a well fed person of leisure. People tried to rub a fat man's belly in hopes of luck and ample meals.
Then there is the story of a Chinese Buddhist monk in the 6th century, who just happened to have a belly that shook like jelly, he was a kind fellow who dedicated himself to helping others, and was regarded as the incarnation of the Boddhisatva Metteya, who had reached nirvana but stayed around just to help people.
And finally the theory held by most Buddhist scholars. A sagely Zen monk appeared in China around 850 A.D. and died in 916A.D. He said his name was "Knowing This" (ChiChe). No one knew where he came from, he carried a big fat bag and was famous for his fat belly. When asked how to obtain nirvana he would lay down the bag and not said a word. When asked about what happened after reaching nirvana he would pick up the bag and walk away, still not a word. It is pretty much accepted that such a monk existed. He is probably the inspiration for Fat Buddha, as the statues began appearing in the late 800's, 1200 years after the Gautama's death. If you'll look at an authentic Fat buddha, you'll see he has a sack on his back.