1. 3.1 Early Civilizations In India
Big Idea: Changes to the Physical environment & the migration of Aryans led to major changes in India’s culture.
Main Idea:
How can location play a part in the development of a civilization?
Indus River valley
Largest civilizations
Agriculture
Trade
City development
Regions
Mountain
Valley
Dry plateau
Fertile coastal plains
Separation of people by landscape can lead to diverse cultures

2. Geography of India Subcontinent – part of a large continent
Mts., rivers plains
North-Himalaya Mts
South -Ganges River Valley
West- Indus River.
South -Deccan Plateau (interior-lush plains)
Monsoons
Seasonal wind (rain)
Summer
Winter
Subcontinent- A large landmass, such as India, that is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity.
India made of multiple cultures/ 110 languages/ geography has help with the many distinct cultures.
Himalaya Mts-(highest mountains in the world.)
Directly south the Ganges River valley
Fertile area
Chief area for civilization to grow
Why would this be because of what we know from previous cultures?
Because of the flooding and the rich soil.
West- Indus River Valley cradle of Indian civilization
Modern time we call this area Pakistan ( dry Plateau area )
Ancient times it was moderate climate and cradle of Indian Civilization
South- Deccan Plateau-
South of the two major rivers which are?
Ganges and Indus
The interior of the plateau is dry, but the east and West coast is lush plains where most of the population lives.
Monsoons-Primary feature of climate-seasonal wind pattern in S. Asia.-
summer monsoons June- Sept
brings rain to the west coast ( Arabian sea)
Mumbai receives these
wet winds.
Wettest place on earth are the mts. of Northeast India, where farmers depend on monsoon rains.
What are these monsoons considered a form of?
Irrigation
Winter monsoons. Oct- Feb (dry winds).
Brings rain to the east coast.
Northeast Mt one of the wettest places on earth

3. Indus River Valley 3000B.C.-1500B.C.
Harappan Civilization
Cities-Harappa and Mohenjo Daro.
Grid pattern
Public wells, bathrooms.
Waste water drainage system
trash chutes
Religion & government closely linked
Divine Right
Economy
Farming
Trade with Mesopotamia
Copper, precious stones and cotton.
Not sure how Indus Valley came to an end
Indus river valley civilizations were well organized and advanced.
Starter question ( what kind of public services does your city provide?)
A public service is…. a service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services.
Examples –
Electricity
Education
Health care
Law enforcement
Military
Public library
Public security
Public transportation
Waste management
Water supply network
Cities-Harappa (Huh-Ra-puh) and Mohenjo Daro. (moh-hehn-joh Dahr-oh)
Carefully planned walled cities /grid- explain that this is the same for union ( depict example)
Public services
Public wells- provided water for the people
bathrooms
Waste water carried out to drains located under the streets, out of the city walls (sewage pits).
Had trash chutes-that sent trash to bins on the street
Religion , government
Power based on -divine assistance.
What other civilization did the same thing?
Egyptians & Mesopotamia
Religion and political power linked. Palace and temple linked in a citadel ( fortress)
How is that different from today?
We have separation of church and state
Economy /farming / trading.
Flooding allowed for rich soil
Mesopotamia and Sumerian
Copper, precious stones and cotton.
Migration Interaction
Not sure how Indus Valley came to an end ( natural disaster/ new ppl migration)

4. Vedic Age Sanskrit written language
Aryans Arrive .
Indo-Europeans moved across Hindu Kush Mts.
political control of India.
strong warriors
Nomadic – move place -place
Cow/ Bulls
Rajahs- war leaders / chiefs control kingdoms
Sanskrit writing
oral stories “Vedas.”
India’s early history
Vedic age-Of or relating to the Veda or Vedas, the variety of Sanskrit in which they are written, or the Hindu culture that produced them.
Indo-European ppl from central Asia began to move to Europe or southern Asia ( Iran –India)
Aryans main group ( tribal warriors) extended control throughout India eventually.
Aryans and Dravidians ( Indus descendants) mix = new culture)
Introduced iron which they acquired from the Hittites in central Asia= iron plow/ stronger/ irrigation ditches
Rajahs-were war leaders or chiefs.
Leaders of small states
Warred with each other
Sanskrit written language
Why was it important to have a written language?
oral stories “Vedas.” India’s early history
World of many Kingdoms
Who ruled these kingdoms?
Rajahs

5. Vedic Age 2) Kshartiyas (kuh SHAT ree yuhz)- warriors and Rulers.
Daily Life in Ancient India-
Family centered.
Patriarchal (male dominated)
High class men educated
guru(teacher).
Women
subordinate
suttee ritual.
Social Classes
Aryan Ideals –caste system
Varnas ( social groups)
Brahmins- priest / high class
Kshatriyas- warriors /rulers
Vaisyas-commoners/traders/farmers
Sudras –peasants/slaves
Untouchables –outside caste-lowest of low
Daily Life in Ancient India-
Family centered.
Extended- all extended family lived under one roof ( 3 generations)
patriarchal- oldest men held legal authority over whole family
What could this mean for other family member? Had final say over financial and family member.
Inherited property
High class young men were educated with a guru(teacher).
12yrs of study before marriage
divorce uncommon-Could take second wife if first could not bear a child
Women
Had a dowry when married to husbands family – if not marry burden on family-Parents paid for until married
subordinate
displayed by suttee ritual. (throw herself on husband’s burial fire pyre)
“ Greek visitor reported that he saw the women do it freely and gladly. Those who did not disgraced.
Social Class-caste society (social classes). Reflect Aryan ideas, divide into 4 varnas or social groups. Based on religious purity – those who where higher up were more pure
Caste is actually from the Portuguese- Indian call the caste Jati
Caste determined what job you could have, who you could marry, and who you could socialize with-borne into it
1)Brahmins-priests, highest class
2) Kshartiyas (kuh SHAT ree yuhz)- warriors and Rulers.
3) Vaisyas (VIS yuhz)-farmers, herders, traders, merchants, and commoners
4)Sudra (SOO druhz)-slaves, peasants, servants, and non-Aryans. Largest part of pop
Untouchables – outside the caste system- things like pick up dead bodies/ trash

6. The Caste System WHO IS… The mouth? The arms? The legs? The feet?
Brahmins
WHO IS…
Kshatriyas
The mouth?
The arms?
The legs?
The feet?
Outside the caste?
Vaishyas
Aryans compared the varnas to parts of the body
head- teaches
Arms –defend
Legs – supply needs
Feet- support society
Shudras

7. Religions Principle of Hinduism
Aryan beliefs blend with Dravidian =Hinduism.
Hinduism
Religious beliefs of Aryans.
From Vedas,
single force (Brahman) -ultimate reality
YOGA -oneness with God.
Human-like gods ( 3 main gods- Holy Trinity)
Brahman ( Creator)
Vishnu (Preserver)
Shiva (Destroyer) .p72
Principle of Hinduism
1. Reincarnation- reborn different form
2. Karma-determines rebirth
3. DHARMA- Divine law
Jainism -All people do their duty.
Religions-
Aryan Beliefs blend with Dravidian to create Hindu Hinduism
Religious beliefs of Aryans.
Comes from Vedas (collection of hymns and ceremonies)
believe in existence of single force in the universe, a form of ultimate reality (Brahman).
Goal was to merge with Brahman after death – duty of the individual self ( atam ) seek the ultimate reality only way to be with Braham
Individual was to know this ultimate reality.
Develop practice of YOGA to achieve oneness with God.
Dreamless sleep- senses and mind at rest
Human-like gods develop Brahman the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.p72
Different expressions of Brahman, made more sense to the Indian people – gave them actual solid gods to believe in
Principle of Hinduism
Reincarnation (soul is reborn in a different form after death.)
Karma (person’s actions determines reincarnation )
Karma ruled by DHARM (divine law).
All people do their duty. Depending on class duty in life varies- one way to improve next life
Rich have to do more

8. Buddhism Founder Siddharta Gautama (Budda- enlightened one)
Principles of Buddhism
1. Denied reality of material world
NIRVANA (ultimate reality)
end of the self
reunion with Great World soul.
4 noble truths page 75
The middle path
Northern India founder was
Siddharta Gautama, known as Buddha (the enlightened one).
Born rich
Married 16
one day discovers the pain of poverty.
Spent life seeking the cure for human suffering.
Gave up everything, left family, and seek true meaning of life/ tried asceticism – practice self denial to achieve ultimate reality starvation/ left this practice
While meditation under a tree found true meaning of life
See the world in a new way
Principles of Buddhism
Denied reality of material world
Physical surroundings are an illusion.
Pain comes from attachments to things of this world.
Let go sorrow forgotten
Let go and wisdom (Bodhi) comes
achieve NIRVANA (ultimate reality), the end of the self and reunion with the Great World soul.
Rejected Caste system
Taught that all human beings could reach nirvana as a result of their behavior in this life.
Appealing to the poor
Why?
Did not worship gods
More of a philosophy to live by

9. Section 3-1 Review What is the highest mountain in the world? Himalaya
The priestly class of Indian society was what?
The Brahmins
What were the major ancient cities of the Indus River valley?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

10. Section 3-1 Review
Reincarnation is the Hindu belief that the individual soul does what?
Is reborn in a different form
Who were the Indo-Europeans who invaded northern India?
Aryans
In Hindu belief, karma is a force that what?
Determines how a person will be reborn

11. Section 3-1 Review What is a set of rigid social categories?
Caste system
Siddhartha denied the reality of what?
The material world
Was it Buddhism or Hinduism with the belief in a single, universal force called Brahman?
Hinduism

12. Section 3-1 Review
The Aryans developed a writing system called Sanskrit to do what?
Record their religious writings and legends