1. Swine Diseases Part III of III Julie Zimmerman Advanced Swine Production Spring 2008

2. Porcine Circovirus

3. Advanced Swine Production What is Circovirus? There are actually two types of Circovirus:  Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 1 – PCV-1  Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 2 – PCV-2

4. Advanced Swine Production PCV-1 PCV-1 & PCV-2 were found as far back as 1969, but was not isolated and studied until 1974. PCV-1 has not been found to cause any disease in swine and research has not established any clinical significance to PCV-1.

5. Advanced Swine Production PCV-2 In 1995 researchers noticed that when PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome) was diagnosed, by association they proposed the idea that PCV-2 sometimes caused PMWS.

6. Advanced Swine Production PCV-2 In 1999, after many studies, research confirmed that PCV-2 causes PMWS. It also causes PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex) and PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome).  Note: studies have shown that PCV-2 generally must be combined with extenuating circumstances to turn into Circovirus.  If most herds were tested, PCV-1 & PCV-2 would show up in the blood, but rarely shows clinical signs or manifests into other syndromes.

7. Advanced Swine Production If pigs are infected with PCV-2 symptoms generally appear from 5 -18 weeks of age.

8. Advanced Swine Production Symptoms of PCV-2 Poor growth Swollen lymph nodes Diarrhea Stomach ulcers Fever Jaundice Difficulty breathing Weight loss Skin rashes

9. Advanced Swine Production Transmission of PCV-2 Much like any other disease PCV-1 & PCV-2 are passed through:  Blood  Urine  Feces  Mucous

10. Advanced Swine Production Reasons for Manifestation of PCV-2 Not completely known, but researchers think it is a combination of the following:  Presence of PCV-2 in herd  Environmental conditions (weather, cleanliness of barns, etc.)  Stress

11. Advanced Swine Production Every-day Prevention Quarantine new hogs Foot dip for humans entering farrowing houses Maintain proper ventilation Stay up to date with vaccinations for other diseases Promptly treat ill pigs Control rodent, insect and bird population near the hog pens and barns

12. Advanced Swine Production “Current studies suggest that when the immune system becomes activated fighting off a disease challenge and the pig also is infected with PCV-2, the circovirus infection may become overwhelming and result in PMWS.” Henry Gauvreau, Porcine Swine Update, 2001

13. Advanced Swine Production EM Porcine Circovirus-2 Provided by: www.pcvd.org

14. Advanced Swine Production Treatment There are currently 3 vaccines to treat PCV-2 in the United States. They are all VERY limited in supply. However vaccination is more of a preventative method, due to the fact that it won’t work as well, once the pig has contracted the virus.

15. Advanced Swine Production Administration of Vaccination Vaccinate sows in the beginning Vaccinate piglets at 4-6 weeks, never before 4 weeks  Use 1 half dose each time  A booster vaccination 2-3 weeks after original vaccination is encouraged  Keep vaccine at room temperature

16. Advanced Swine Production Miscellaneous Facts Evidence proves that certain genetic lines are more apt to acquiring PCV-2. If a herd has a breakout of PCV-2, generally death loss will not be higher than 30%.

17. Advanced Swine Production Sources Bush, E., F. Cardinal, M.J. Engle, P. Halbur, F. Madec, T. Opriessnig. “A Producer’s Guide to Managing PCVAD, Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases”. California Department of Food and Agriculture & Kansas State University Cooperative Extension – Handout.  http://www.cdfa.ca.gov.ahfss/Animal_Health/ Gauvreau, H., “Porcine Circovirus Update”. Advances in Pork Production. Vol. 12, pg. 31. 2001. Harp, R., Personal Communication, (Jan. 2008). Neumann, E., P. Halbur, S. Sorden. “Pork Health Fact Sheet – Circovirus Infection in Swine”. American Association of Swine Veterinarians and National Pork Board. Oct. 2002.  http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/1/health-and-welfare/813/pork-health-fact-sheet-circovirus- infection-in-swine “Porcine Circovirus (PCV)”, (n.d.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Oct. 2006.  www.pork.org/porkscience/documents/circovirus.pdf “Vaccine Developed for Global Swine Disease”, (n.d.), Virginia Tech, Jul. 2006.  http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/521788/

18. Advanced Swine Production The End