1. What Does it Matter ?

2. What is Matter? Objectives: Name the two properties of all matter
Describe how volume and mass are measured
Compare mass and weight
Explain the relationship between mass and inertia

3. Everything Is Made of Matter
What is Matter?
Matter is anything that has volume and mass.
What is volume?
Volume is the amount of space taken up or occupied by an object
What is mass?
Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of

4. What is The Difference Between Mass and Weight?

5. measured with a balance.
Mass is:
a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
always constant for an object no matter where the object is in the universe.
measured with a balance.
expressed in kilograms (kg), grams (g), and milligrams (mg).

6. Weight is:
a measure of the gravitational force on an object.
varied depending on where the object is in relation to the Earth (or any other large body in the universe).
measure with a spring scale
expressed in newtons (N)

7. Volume is: the amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an object.
is measured with a graduated cylinder
expressed in milliliters (ml) or cubic centimeters (cm3).
The volume of the sun is about 1 million times larger than the volume of the Earth.
The volume of a raindrop is 0.09ml, which means that it would take almost 4,000 raindrops to fill a soda can.

9. Describing Matter Objectives
Give examples of matter’s different properties
Describe how density is used to identify different substances
Compare physical and chemical properties
Explain what happens to matter during physical and chemical changes.

10. Describing Matter
Matter has both physical and chemical properties.
Density can be used to identify different types of matter
Matter goes through both physical and chemical changes.

11. What is a property ???
A property is a “special” quality or characteristic of matter.
Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter
Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties.

12. Physical properties Examples of physical properties include: Mass
Volume
Odor
Color
Texture
Size
Shape
The following table lists some more physical properties that are useful in describing or identifying matter

13. Physical Property Definition Example Thermal conductivity
The ability to transfer thermal energy from one area to another
Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so hot chocolate in a plastic-foam cup will not burn your hand
State
The physical form in which a substance exists, such as a solid, liquid, or gas
Lice is water in its solid state
Malleability
The ability to be pounded into thin sheets
Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into sheets to make foil.
Ductility
The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire
Copper is often used to make wiring
Solubility
The ability to dissolve in another substance
Sugar dissolves in water
Density
Mass per unit volume
Sinkers are made of lead because lead is more dense than water

14. Density
Density is a useful property for identifying substances for two reasons.
The density of a particular substance is ALWAYS the same at a given pressure and temperature
The density of one substance is usually different from that of another substance

15. Densities of Common Substances at 20 degrees Celsius
Density
(g/cm3)
Helium (gas)
Copper (solid)
8.96
Oxygen (gas)
Silver (solid)
10.50
Water (liquid)
1.00
Lead (solid)
11.35
Iron pyrite (solid)
5.02
Mercury (liquid)
13.55
Zinc (solid)
7.13
Gold (solid)
19.32

16. How To Calculate Density
To find an object’s density (D), first measure its mass (m) and volume (v). Then use the following equation:
D = m / v
Units for density are expressed using a mass unit divided by a volume unit, such as g/cm3 or g/ml
Remember, you measure mass with a balance and you measure volume with a graduated cylinder.

17. Review Questions 1. List three physical properties of water.
2. Why does a golf ball feel heavier than a table- tennis ball?
3. Describe how you can determine the relative densities of liquids.
4. How could you determine that a coin is not pure silver?

18. Chemical Properties
Describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties
For example, a piece of wood can be burned to create new substances (ash and smoke) with properties different from the original piece of wood.

19. Examples of Chemical Properties
Flammability
Nonflammability
Reactivity with oxygen
Reactivity with acid
Reactivity with water
(reactivity just means that when two substances get together, something can happen.)

20. Observing Chemical Properties
Chemical properties can be observed with your senses. However, chemical properties aren’t as easy to observe as physical properties.
You can observe the flammability of wood only while the wood is burning
You can observe the nonflammability of gold only when you try to burn it and it won’t burn
Remember, a substance ALWAYS has its chemical properties. A piece of wood is flammable even when it’s not burning!

21. Why do cars rust??
Most car bodies are made from steel, which is mostly iron
Iron has many desirable physical properties, including strength, malleability, and a high melting point
Iron also has many desirable chemical properties, including nonreactivity with oil and gasoline.

22. However, one unfavorable chemical property of iron is its reactivity with oxygen. When iron is exposed to oxygen, it rusts.
Because paint doesn’t react with oxygen, it provides a barrier between oxygen and the iron in the steel. If the paint chips, it exposes the iron in the car’s body to oxygen. The iron will rust and eventually crumble away.
Bumpers are rust free because they are coated with a barrier of chromium, which is nonreactive with oxygen.
Obviously car manufacturers use plastic products to reduce the effects of rust.

23. F. Y. I.
A new car contains up to 180 kilograms of plastic. Back in 1970, cars contained only about 27 kilograms of plastic.
Can you think of areas in a car where plastic is used?
What is the advantages of using plastic parts instead of metal parts.

24. Physical Vs. Chemical Properties
You can describe matter by both physical and chemical properties.
The properties that are most useful in identifying a substance are its characteristic properties.
Scientists rely on characteristic properties to identify and classify substances.
The following table compares both physical and chemical properties of some common substances.

25. Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties
Substance
Physical Property
Chemical Property
Helium
Less dense than air
Nonflammable
Wood
Grainy texture
Flammable
Baking soda
White powder
Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles
Powdered sugar
Does not react with vinegar
Rubbing alcohol
Clear liquid
Red food coloring
Red color
Reacts with bleach and loses color
Iron
Malleable
Reacts with oxygen

26. Physical Changes
A physical change is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance.
For example, if you break a piece of chalk in two, you change its physical properties of size and shape.
No matter how many times you break it, chalk is still chalk.

27. Examples of Physical Changes
Turn a stick of butter into liquid butter to make popcorn tasty
Dissolve sugar in water, the sugar seems to disappear into the water. But the identity of the sugar does not change. If you taste the water, you will also still taste the sugar.

28. Examples of Physical Changes
Freezing water for ice cubes
Sanding a piece of wood
Cutting your hair
Crushing an aluminum can
Bending a paper clip
Mixing oil and vinegar
Sharpening a pencil
Dissolving salt in water
Washing your hair
Polishing your head

29. Chemical Changes Form New Substances
A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties.
Chemical changes and chemical properties are not the same process. A chemical property describes a substance’s ability to go through a chemical change; a chemical change is the actual process in which that substance changes into another substance.

30. Examples of Chemical Changes
Soured milk smells bad because bacteria have formed new substances in the milk
The hot gas formed when hydrogen and oxygen join to make water helps blast the space shuttle into orbit

31. Effervescent tablets bubble when the citric acid and baking soda in them react with water.
The Statue of Liberty is made of shiny, orange-brown copper. But the metal’s interaction with carbon dioxide and water has formed a new substance, copper carbonate, and made this landmark lady green over time.

32. Acid Rain The formation of acid precipitation is the result of
numerous chemical changes
When fossil fuels are burned, a chemical change takes place involving sulfur (found in the fossil fuel) and oxygen from the air.
This chemical change produces sulfur dioxide, a gas.
When sulfur dioxide enter the atmosphere, it undergoes another chemical change by mixing with water and oxygen.
This chemical change produces sulfuric acid, the primary source of acid precipitation.
Acid precipitation can kill trees and make ponds and lakes unable to support life.

33. Observing Chemical Changes
Clues to a chemical change occurring might involve:
Color changes
Fizzing or foaming
Heat given off
Production of sound light, or odor
For example, when baking a cake you observe:
Batter rising and turning brown
Spongy texture created by gas bubbles
Smell of the sweet aroma of the cake

34. Review Questions
Classify each of the following properties as either physical or chemical:
Reacts with water?
Dissolves in acetone
Is blue
Does not react with hydrogen
List three clues that indicate a chemical change might be taking place
Describe the difference between physical changes and chemical changes in terms of what happens to the matter involved in each kind of change.

35. What is Matter? Final Notes
Matter is anything that has volume and mass
Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object
The volume of liquids is expressed in liters and milliliters
The volume of solid objects is expressed in cubic units, such as cubic centimeters
Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of
Mass and weight are not the same thing. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object, usually in relation to the Earth
Mass is usually expressed in milligrams, grams, and kilograms
The newton is the SI unit of force, so weight is expressed in newtons
Inertia is the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion. Mass is a measure of inertia. The more massive an object is, the greater its inertia.

36. Describing Matter Final Notes
Physical properties of matter can be observed without changing the identity of the matter
Density is the amount of matter in a given space, or the mass per unit volume
The density of a substance is always the same at a given pressure and temperature regardless of the size of the sample of the substance.
Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties
Chemical properties can be observed only when one substance might become a new substance
The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample observed is large or small
When a substance undergoes a physical change, its identity remains the same.
A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed into new substances with different properties.