1. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC PART ONE: ITALY - A SHORT POLITICAL HISTORY

2. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC THE ETRUSCANS Linguist origins of “Tuscany” First city-builders in Italy Linked in a Confederation

3. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC THE ETRUSCANS

4. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC THE ARRIVAL OF THE ROMANS Aeneas Romulus and Remus

5. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC ROMAN REPUBLIC A basic principle of political philosophy: FOR THE PEOPLE, OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE!! Was lost Still lost But found….by the French?

6. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC SRQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus

7. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC STRUCTURE OF GOV’T CONSULS (2): chief civil and military magistrates; invested with imperium (consular imperium was considered maius ("greater") than that of praetors); convened senate and curiate and centuriate assemblies. PRAETORS (2-8): had imperium ; main functions (1) military commands (governors) (2) administered civil law at Rome. AEDILES (2): plebian (plebian only) and curule (plebian or patrician); in charge of religious festivals, public games, temples, upkeep of city, regulation of marketplaces, grain supply. QUAESTORS (2-40): financial officers and administrative assistants (civil and military); in charge of state treasury at Rome; in field, served as quartermasters and seconds- in-command. TRIBUNES (2-10): charged with protection of lives and property of plebians; their persons were inviolable (sacrosanct); had power of veto (Lat. "I forbid") over elections, laws, decrees of the senate, and the acts of all other magistrates (except dictator); convened tribal assembly and elicited plebiscites, which after 287 B.C. ( lex Hortensia ) had force of law. CENSORS (2): elected every 5 years to conduct census, enroll new citizens, review roll of senate; controlled public morals and supervised leasing of public contracts; in protocol ranked below praetors and above aediles, but in practice, the pinnacle of a senatorial career (ex- consuls only) -- enormous prestige and influence ( auctoritas ). DICTATOR (1): in times of military emergency appointed by consuls; dictator appointed a Master of the Horse to lead cavalry; tenure limited to 6 months or duration of crisis, whichever was shorter; not subject to veto.

8. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC ROMAN EMPIRE 395 AD

9. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC MIDDLE AGES & EARLY RENAISSANCE A new system of government begins to develop: the City- State. AKA the ‘commune’ Secular Elected officers de facto independence but, There were lordships of emperor, pope, king, or duke

10. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC ‘Commune’ ORGANIZATION ‘Consuls’: central officials Elected by various methods Decisions had to be approved by councils Varied in size Took the place of the popular assembly Elected by various methods Members represented the citizens Protected against corruption Only in office for short period of time Lived in isolation

11. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC ‘Signore’ IS THE ALTERNATIVE Powerful families Retained retained Republican institutions Historians have MISLEAD us all!!

12. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC GUELPHS vs. GHIBELLINES Guelphs split but further Blacks v. Whites Warfare Ciompi revolt

13. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC FLOWERING of the FLORENTINE RENAISSANCE Florence becomes a city-state in the 15th century. The Medici family

14. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC STRUCTURE OF GOV’T GONFALONIERE : was elected for only two months. Had very specific powers, had to be a member of one of the seven great guilds, or arti. POPOLO GRASSO : the greater guilds and had the dominant position with in the government POPOLO MINUTO : the lesser guild, represented the small people PRIORI: (8) lower executive officers, six had to be fro the greater guilds while the other two had to be from the lesser guilds SIGNORIA : gonfaloniere and priori together CONSIGLIO DEL COMMUNE : one of the two legislative houses, the upper house; elected on a constituency basis by the four quartieri, or the four quarters of Florence. Location of nobility CONSIGLIO DEL POPOLO : the second/lower house of the legislature. Seats were strictly for the arti PARLAMENTO : ultimate constitutional sanction. Citizenship was restricted to members of the arti, who could be called together by the bell in the Palazzo Vecchio, where propositions put to the parlamento by the signoria could be approved or disapproved by the shouts of the citizens.

15. FLORENCE AS A REPUBLIC PART TWO: FLORENCE’S POWERFUL FAMILIES & THEIR POLITCAL INFLUENCE