1. Cal-(IT) 2 A Brief History of Tomorrows Networks Invited Talk to the Extreme Networking Workshop San Diego Supercomputer Center, UCSD La Jolla, CA January 8, 2001 Larry Smarr Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD Director, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology

2. Cal-(IT) 2 Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime Broadband to the Home and Small Businesses Vast Increase in Internet End Points –Embedded Processors –Sensors and Actuators –Information Appliances Highly Parallel Light Waves Through Fiber Emergence of a Planetary Computer The all optical fibersphere in the center finds its complement in the wireless ethersphere on the edge of the network. --George Gilder The Emerging Information Power Grid A Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Computer

3. Cal-(IT) 2 UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology 220 Faculty and Senior Researchers Layered Structure –Materials and Devices –Networked Infrastructure –Interfaces and Software –Strategic Applications –Policy New Funding Model (4 Years) –State $100M –Industry $140M –Private $30 M –Campus $30M –Federal $100-200M –Total $400-500M One of Three Awarded

4. Cal-(IT) 2 VCSEL + Near-field polarizer : Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH) FBCGH possesses dual-functionality such as focusing and beam steering Wavelength ( m) 1.31.51.71.92.12.32.5 Reflectivity 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 TE TM Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge and surface coupling Near-field E-O modulator controls optical properties and near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect +V-V Angle (degree) 203040 TM Efficiency 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Near-field E-O Modulator + micro-cavity FBCGH VCSEL Near-field E-O coupler Micro polarizer Fiber tip Grating coupler Thickness ( m) 0.600.650.700.750.80 TM 0th order efficiency 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 RCWA Transparency Theory Near-field coupling Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD

5. Cal-(IT) 2 High-Port Count, Non-Blocking All-Optical Switch With Nanosecond Switching Speed Source: Steve Wallach, SC00 Keynote Chiaro Networking

6. Cal-(IT) 2 Near Term Goal: Build an International Lambda Grid Establish PACI High Performance Network –SDSC to NCSA to PSC LambdaNet Link to: –State Dark Fiber –Metropolitan Optical Switched Networks –Campus Optical Grids –International Optical Research Networks NSF Fund Missing Dark Fiber Links For: –Scientific Applications –Network Research

7. Cal-(IT) 2 A Model of a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Network From: Yakov Rekhter, Cisco Fellow Can Nest Lambdas or Labels Can Mix Label Switching Routers and Optical Cross-Connects See also www.ietf.org/html.charters/mpls-charter.html

8. Cal-(IT) 2 NATUREnet: North American Terabit Users Research and Education Network Proposal Seattle Portland Los Angeles San Diego (SDSC) NYC CERN SURFnet CA*net4 NTON Far East Networks Far East Networks Source: Tom DeFanti I-Wire Working Draft…

9. Cal-(IT) 2 Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission DARPA

10. Cal-(IT) 2 Mobile Internet will Take Off This Year 0 200 400 600 800 9697989900010203 Mobile Internet Mobile Internet Subscribers (millions) Source: Ericsson

11. Cal-(IT) 2 The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors –Give Detailed State Information –Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality Critical Software Research Required –Security –Robust Scalable Middleware –Effervescent Architectures –Mobile Code –Resource Discovery –Ad Hoc Networking –SensorNet Simulations

12. Cal-(IT) 2 The High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network NSF Funded PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO 45mbps Duplex Backbone http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

13. Cal-(IT) 2 Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

14. Cal-(IT) 2 Cal-(IT) 2 Plans to Add Wireless Sensors to the Southern High Tech Coast Adding Wireless Sensors –Hydrological Cycle –Monitor Pollution –Identify Major Sources –Evaluate Cleanup –Earthquakes –Civil Infrastructure –Realtime Traffic –Link to GPS and Vehicle Destination Build on NSF funded Net –SDSC, SIO, SDSU Newport Beach Mission Bay San Diego Bay UCSD UCI http://icemaps.des.ucdavis.edu

15. Cal-(IT) 2 The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure Scripps Institution of Oceanography San Diego Supercomputer Center Cal-(IT) 2 Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon Source: John Orcutt, SIO

16. Cal-(IT) 2 Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links Wireless Sensor Arrays Linked to Crisis Management Control Rooms Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.

17. Cal-(IT) 2 -Telescience- The Brain Data Grid Duke UCLA Cal Tech Stanford U. Of MN Harvard NCRR Imaging and Computing Resources UCSD Cal-(IT) 2 SDSC Deep Web Surface Web Cyber Infrastructure Linking Tele-instrumentation, Data Intensive Computing, and Multi-scale Brain Databases. Wireless Pad Web Interface Goal-Form a National Scale Testbed for Federating Large Databases Using NIH High Field NMR Centers Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD

18. Cal-(IT) 2 Augmented Reality Requires Overlaying the Physical and Cyber Realities Source: Virginia Tech/Univ. Illinois, MIT, Univ Washington, UCSD

19. Cal-(IT) 2 Web Interface to Grid Computing The NPACI GridPort Architecture 802.11b Wireless Interactive Access to: State of Computer Job Status Application Codes

20. Cal-(IT) 2 Broadband Will Connect 30 Million Homes and Small Businesses in Three Years PCs Always On High Bandwidth Access Corporate Drivers –Ford Motor Co. is Buying Home PCs for All its Employees –IBM Is Using SBC to Supply 12,000 Employees with Home DSL Internet Connections Stage is Set for Explosion of Internet Computing –Tie PCs Together as Virtual Megacomputer Source: Kinetic Strategies Inc., Gilder Technology Report Pioneer Consulting

21. Cal-(IT) 2 Entropias Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years Deployed in Over 80 Countries The Great Mersenne Prime (2 P -1) Search (GIMPS) Found the First Million Digit Prime www.entropia.com

22. Cal-(IT) 2 SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day –Over Half a Million CPU Years so far! –22 Teraflops sustained 24x7 Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope Next Step- Allen Telescope Array Arecibo Radio Telescope

23. Cal-(IT) 2 Companies Competing for Leadership in Internet Computing Intel Establishes Peer-to-Peer Working Group

24. Cal-(IT) 2 Coming -- The Grid Physics Network Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science –CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider –Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory –Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes) Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs –Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant –20 Institutions Involved –$12 million over four years Can This Help Drive Extreme Networks? www.griphyn.org

25. Cal-(IT) 2 Assembling the Planetary Grid Internet Provides Connectivity Web Provides Hyperlinked Document System Distributed Storage Moves from SAN to NAS Peer-to-Peer Enables File Storing Peer-to-Peer Computing Provides CPU Power Result--The Distributed Global Computer –Storage everywhere –Scalable computing power –Wireless Interfaces Greatly Outnumber PCs

26. Cal-(IT) 2 Why Will a Million Processor Computer Be Different? Individual Processors Running at Gigaflops –One Million Means a Collective Petaflops in early 2000s –One Petaflops is Roughly a Human Brain-Second –Morovec-Intelligent Robots and Mind Transferral –Koza-Genetic Programming –Kurzweil-The Age of Spiritual Machines –Joy-Humans an Endangered Species? Will the Planetary Grid Become Self- –Organizing –Powered –Aware?