1. Byzantine Empire

2. Main Idea
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, the Byzantine Empire emerged as the dominant eastern power, with Constantinople as its political, economic, and religious center. The empire lasted over 1,000 years.

3. 1. Western half of the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D.
Background:
1. Western half of the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D.
2. Byzantium had already been rebuilt by Emperor Constantine, who then renamed the city Constantinople.

4. Geography and Cityscape of Constantinople
1. Built on seven hills and divided into 14 districts, like Rome.
2. Protected by 13 miles of walls, watchtowers, and gates.
3. Easily fortified site surrounded on three sides by water, bordering a natural harbor. Its location combined with its control of the Bosporus Strait made the city a hub for trade and shipping between Europe, Africa, and Asia.

5. Walls of Constantinople

8. A satellite view of the area.
Black Sea
Europe
Can you see the remarkable location of Constantinople at the center of the ‘X’ of land
& sea trade routes?
Asia
Aegean Sea

9. The DardanellesStrait.
The Black Sea.
The Bosphorus Strait.
The Sea of Marmara.
The DardanellesStrait.
Constantinopletoday known as Istanbul.

10. A great view of the Bosphorus from space.
Can you see the point that is Byzantium?
And can you see the narrow bay to the north of Byzantium that is called the Golden Horn?

11. A satellite view of Istanbul today.
There used to be a chain stretched across the Golden Horn for protection.

12. Geography and Cityscape of Constantinople
4. Adequate distance from Germanic invasions of the western empire.
5. Good location to protect Europe’s eastern frontier.
6. Seized by Turks in 1453 and renamed Istanbul; today it is a major city in modern Turkey.

13. Role of Constantinople:
1. True center or seat of Byzantine power until the Ottoman conquest
2. Important in preserving classical Greco-Roman culture

14. Justinian and Theodora

15. How Justinian Was Described
While alive Justinian was described as devout, determined, and energetic. Why?
After His Death, the historian Procopius referred to Justinian as two-faced and cruel in a “Secret History”

16. Achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian:
1. Justinian Code (Corpus Juris Civilis) – sorted through old Roman laws and established a new code of law for the Byzantine Empire. It lasted for 900 years!
- included laws concerning marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, and women’s rights
- Significance – had a significant impact on European legal code

18. Achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian:
2. Re-conquered former Roman territories but not Rome 3. Significantly expanded trade

19. Achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian:
4. Acted as head of church and state (2- seated Chair) 5. Placed a heavy emphasis on church building, which displayed his leadership of both the government and the church. - Hagia Sophia – Constantinople’s masterpiece of architecture and faith

20. One of Justinian’s greatest accomplishments - the construction of the beautiful Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom ~ The Hagia Sophia

21. And more achievements!
6. Came to throne at age 45! Considered Byzantium's most ambitious ruler. 7. Drove barbarians out of North Africa, Spain, and Italy 8. Built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries, and last but not least parks.

22. THEODORA!?!?!?
Born into lower class, worked as an actress and dancer as a teenager.
Loved adventure, new friendships and travel
Married Justinian while in her 20’s, sometimes equaled or surpassed husbands wisdom and skills.
Convinced her husband to crush Nika rebellion
Established Social Welfare programs for the poor
Worked for the rights of women

23. Hagia Sophia

24. HAGIA SOPHIA
Key Points in the History of the Hagia Sophia
Built during Justinian’s reign. Took 5-6 years to build
Known as the “Church of Holy Wisdom”
When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque; now it is a museum

25. HAGIA SOPHIA
Important concepts found in the Hagia Sophia’s Architecture
Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life
Ornate interior symbolizes spiritual universe
Cathedral’s size, thick pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence.
Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influences

28. 1. Byzantine architects invented the pendentives which connected the round base of a dome to a square building.

30. 2. The combination of Greco-Roman and Middle Eastern influence are evident in the intricate decoration on this column.

31. Mosaics with gold-covered stones added more light to the huge interior of Hagia Sofia.

32. Mosaic inside Hagia Sophia
Mosaic inside Hagia Sophia. Justinian on the left presenting Hagia Sophia to the Virgin Mary, and Constantine on the right presenting the city Constantinople to her.

33. Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture:
3. art and architecture inspired by two things: Christian religion and imperial power 4. Icons – definition – religious images 5. Elaborate mosaics in public and religious structures

34. Icon/Mosaic in Hagia Sophia

35. Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture:
4. Hagia Sophia – most beautiful architectural achievement 5. Hippodrome – entertainment venue for chariot races and circuses

36. Hippodrome

37. Starting boxes. One door for each horse

38. Center of race tracks, decorated with statutes

39. Referee's Box

40. Engineering and Empire Video

41. Byzantine Culture:
1. Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries 2. Greek – primary language (as opposed to Latin in the West) 3. Church – Greek Orthodox Christianity

42. The Division of the Christian Church:
Background: Distance and lack of contact slowly caused the doctrines and rituals of Western and Eastern Christianity to split in the 11th Century.

43. This was one of the breaking points for the split.
The Great Schism
Icons – Pictures of important Christians or sacred events. Can be mosaics, murals, wooden panels.
Those who did not believe in them were called Iconoclasts (Eastern Christians)
This was one of the breaking points for the split.

44. East vs. West : A Religious Dispute
Patriarch- head bishop of the east (Constantinople)
Regional differences made more conflicts arise
Conflict about power of
Pope (in west) and
Emperor (in east)

45. The Western Church- Roman Catholic
1. Centered in Rome 2. Far from the seat of government power once the capital moved to Constantinople 3. Services conducted in Latin

46. The Western Church- Roman Catholic
4. The pope had authority over all other bishops 5. The pope had authority over all kings and emperors 6. Priests cannot marry and must remain celibate 7. Divorce is not permitted

47. The Eastern Church – Greek/Eastern Orthodox
1. Centered in Constantinople 2. Close to seat of government power once capital moved to Constantinople 3. Services conducted in Greek or local languages

48. The Eastern Church – Eastern Orthodox
4. The patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group 5. The emperor claimed authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the Byzantine Empire 6. Priests may be married 7. Divorce is allowed under certain conditions

49. Excommunication – definition: cast out from the church
The Great Schism
In 1054, the split between the Eastern and Western Churches was made permanent when the Pope (in the West) and the Patriarch (in the East) excommunicated each other.
Excommunication – definition: cast out from the church
This permanent split was called the schism

50. Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic Service are conducted in Latin
Service are conducted in Greek or local languages
They base their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the Bible
They use sacraments such as baptism
Their religious leaders are priests and bishops
They seek to convert people
The pope has authority over all other bishops
The patriarch and other bishops head the Church as a group
The pope claims authority over all kings and emperors
The emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire
Priests may not marry
Priests may be married
Divorce is not permitted
Divorce is permitted under certain conditions
Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic

51. Constantinople: The Hub of Byzantine Trade
England
Tin
Russia:
Fur, Honey, Timber
France:
Wine
China:
Silk
Spain:
Cork
India:
Spices
Africa:
Ivory, gold
Constantinople: The Hub of Byzantine Trade

52. Decline of Empire Plague of Justinian that crippled Empire
In 542, 10,000 people were dying every day!
Attacks from East, West, and North
Slavs, Persians, Turks, and Russian invasions
Attempt to maintain power
Through political marriages, bribes and diplomacy
Walls kept the peninsula strong until 1453 when it fell to the Ottoman Turks
Split of the Church
… Must come down
What goes up…

53. BYZANTINE EMPIRE AD

54. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1050 AD

55. BYZANTINE EMPIRE AD

56. Ottoman Empire 1606 A.D.

57. Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia:
1. Trade routes between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea led to exchange of ideas and culture 2. Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread their faith to the Slavic people of Russia and Eastern Europe

58. Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia:
3. Cyril invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages so that the Slavs could read the Bible in their own tongue. This was called the Cyrillic alphabet 4. Church architecture and religious art

59. A Russian Orthodox Church in the Ukraine ~ very similar to the Hagia Sophia.