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2. Splash Screen

3. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Land
Section 2 Climate and Vegetation
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
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Contents

4. Intro 1

5. Chapter Objectives
Identify the physical features and natural resources of South Asia. 
Discuss the effects of South Asia’s climates on life in the region.
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Intro 2

6. As you read this chapter, use your journal to record the geographic features of the countries of South Asia. Use descriptive terms to contrast the mountains, deserts, plains, and rivers of South Asia.
Intro 3

7. End of Intro

8. The Land Objectives Identify the major landforms in South Asia. 
Describe the three great river systems of South Asia. 
Explain how the peoples of South Asia use the region’s natural resources.
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Section 1-1

9. The Land Terms to Know subcontinent  alluvial plain  mica
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Section 1-2

10. The Land Places to Locate Himalaya  Ganges Plain  Vindhya Range 
Deccan Plateau 
Indus River 
Brahmaputra River 
Ganges River
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Section 1-3

11. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Section 1-4

12. South Asia boasts the world’s tallest mountains
South Asia boasts the world’s tallest mountains. Within India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Kashmir are 24 mountains that soar above 25,000 feet (7,620 m) high. Of all the continents, Asia alone has mountains of this height.
Section 1-5

13. A Separate Land
Most of South Asia forms a peninsula surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean and is cut off from the rest of Asia by mountains. South Asia also includes Sri Lanka and other smaller islands.
(page 569)
Section 1-6

14. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
A Separate Land (cont.)
How might South Asia’s mountains have helped shape the region’s history?
Mountains physically limited contact with the rest of Asia; however, mountain passes allowed invaders and traders to enter the subcontinent.
(page 569)
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Section 1-7

15. A Land of Great Variety
The Himalaya Scientists believe that about 60 million years ago, the Indian subcontinent was part of the same large landmass as Africa. 
After breaking away, the subcontinent drifted and smashed into the southern edge of Asia. 
The collision’s force created the Himalaya, the ranges that contain the world’s highest mountains.
(pages 570–571)
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Section 1-8

16. A Land of Great Variety (cont.)
Other Northern Landforms The Himalaya, the Karakoram, and the Hindu Kush form a mountainous barrier between the subcontinent and the rest of Asia. 
Invaders, however, used crossing places, such as the Khyber Pass, to enter the region. 
At the foot of the Himalaya lies the fertile Ganges Plain, home to one-tenth of the world’s population.
(pages 570–571)
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Section 1-9

17. A Land of Great Variety (cont.)
Three rivers–the Indus, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra–water the plain. 
Central Landforms The Vindhya Range divides India into northern and southern regions, each of which developed a distinct culture.
(pages 570–571)
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Section 1-10

18. A Land of Great Variety (cont.)
Southern Landforms 
In southern India, two chains of eroded mountains–the Eastern and Western Ghats–form a triangle that holds the Deccan Plateau. 
The mountains’ blocking of rainy winds keeps the plateau arid. 
At India’s southern tip, the lush Karnataka Plateau receives plenty of precipitation. 
Maldives and Sri Lanka are island countries south of India.
(pages 570–571)
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Section 1-11

19. A Land of Great Variety (cont.)
Sri Lanka once was part of the subcontinent. 
Maldives is a chain of coral atolls and volcanic outcroppings.
(pages 570–571)
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Section 1-12

20. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
A Land of Great Variety (cont.)
What major effect has the Vindhya Range had on India’s people?
The Vindhya Range has physically divided India, giving rise to separate northern and southern cultures.
(pages 570–571)
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Section 1-13

21. Major River Systems Indus and Brahmaputra Rivers 
The Indus River, which flows through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea, serves as an important waterway and water source. 
The Indus River valley was the cradle of ancient India, one of the world’s earliest civilizations. 
The Brahmaputra River flows east through the Himalaya and then west into India and Bangladesh, where it meets the Ganges River. 
The two rivers form a delta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
(page 572)
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Section 1-14

22. Major River Systems (cont.)
The Brahmaputra is a major inland waterway and provides Bangladesh with hydroelectric power.
(page 572)
Section 1-15

23. Major River Systems (cont.)
Ganges River 
The Ganges, South Asia’s most important river, is fed year-round by water from the Himalaya. 
Therefore, it retains its size even during the dry season. 
During the rainy season, however, it often floods its banks. 
Hindus consider the river’s waters to be sacred. 
The Ganges River flows through the Ganges Plain, India’s most agriculturally productive area and the world’s largest alluvial plain.
(page 572)
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Section 1-16

24. Major River Systems (cont.)
The Ganges Plain is also India’s most densely populated area.
(page 572)
Section 1-17

25. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Major River Systems (cont.)
(page 572)
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Section 1-18

26. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Major River Systems (cont.)
Why do Hindus believe the waters of the Ganges are sacred?
Possible answer: The Ganges is the source of the freshwater that allows everyone to drink, to bathe, and to have good harvests every year. It is literally a source of life.
(page 572)
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Section 1-19

27. Natural Resources
Water South Asia’s rivers provide the region with hydroelectric power, transportation, drinking water, and fish. 
Although rivers cross national boundaries, countries sometimes cooperate in managing this important resource.
(pages 573–574)
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Section 1-20

28. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Natural Resources (cont.)
(pages 573–574)
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Section 1-21

29. Natural Resources (cont.)
Energy Resources South Asia has some oil and natural gas reserves, but most of the region depends largely on hydroelectricity, wood, coal, and imported oil as sources of fuel. 
Minerals India is a leading exporter of iron ore and supplies 90 percent of the world’s mica. 
Sri Lanka is a major producer of graphite and also mines rubies, sapphires, and other valuable gems and stones.
(pages 573–574)
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Section 1-22

30. Natural Resources (cont.)
Timber Overcutting threatens Nepal’s forests, and the government has begun conservation measures. 
To protect its rain forests, Sri Lanka has banned exports of timber. 
India exports sandalwood, teak, and sal from its rain forests.
(pages 573–574)
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Section 1-23

31. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Natural Resources (cont.)
(pages 573–574)
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Section 1-24

32. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Natural Resources (cont.)
Which natural resource plays the greatest role in regional daily life? Explain.
Water is used for farming and as a source of fish, drinking and washing water, and electric power.
(pages 573–574)
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Section 1-25

33. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. silicate mineral that readily splits into thin, shiny sheets
__ 2. large landmass that is part of a continent but still distinct from it, such as India
__ 3. floodplain, such as the Indo-Gangetic Plain in South Asia, on which flooding rivers have deposited rich soil C
A. subcontinent
B. alluvial plain
C. mica A B
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Section 1-26

34. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Making Comparisons How does the landscape of the Himalaya differ from that of the Deccan Plateau? How do these differences affect people’s lives?
The Himalaya is mountainous, steep, at high altitudes, cold, and forested. The Deccan Plateau is dry, hot, and flat. The landscape and climate would influence clothing, housing, and agriculture, among other aspects of everyday life.
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Section 1-27

35. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause and Effect Why are population densities so high on the Ganges Plain?
The alluvial soil of the Ganges Plain supports agriculture.
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Section 1-28

36. Critical Thinking
Problem Solving How would you address the problem of overcutting trees in Nepal? How does your solution affect the timber industry?
Section 1-29

37. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps
Region Study this physical-political map. What areas of South Asia would you expect to be most agriculturally productive? Why?
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Section 1-30

38. Analyzing Maps
The Ganges Plain, Bangladesh, the area between rivers in northern Pakistan, and Sri Lanka would be most agriculturally productive because of the presence of rivers, alluvial soil, climate favorable to agriculture, and the absence of landforms that block rain.
Section 1-31

39. Applying Geography
Managing Resources Think about the physical geography of South Asia. Create a sketch map highlighting potential sites of conflict over water management among the countries of South Asia.
Section 1-32

40. Close
Choose a photograph from this chapter (not limited to this section) and assume the role of a visitor there. Write letters to friends describing your chosen sites.
Section 1-33

41. End of Section 1

42. Climate and Vegetation
Objectives
List the five major climate regions of South Asia. 
Discuss how seasonal weather patterns present challenges to the region’s economy. 
Explain how altitude and rainfall affect South Asia’s vegetation.
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Section 2-1

43. Climate and Vegetation
Terms to Know
monsoon 
cyclone
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Section 2-2

44. Climate and Vegetation
Places to Locate
Bay of Bengal 
Great Indian Desert
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Section 2-3

45. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Section 2-4

46. Throughout the 1990s, India was shaken by frequent major earthquakes
Throughout the 1990s, India was shaken by frequent major earthquakes. In 1993, an earthquake in Maharashtra in southern India killed over 9,000 people, according to figures released by the Indian government. Some people believe the death toll may have been as high as 30,000. In January 2001, nearly 20,000 Indians were killed in another devastating earthquake.
Section 2-5

47. South Asia’s Climates
Although much of the subcontinent lies south of the Tropic of Cancer and has a tropical climate, the climates of the northern and western parts of the region vary widely from highlands to deserts.
(pages 575–577)
Section 2-6

48. South Asia’s Climates (cont.)
Tropical and Subtropical Climates 
The west coast of India, the Ganges Delta, and southern Sri Lanka have tropical rain forest climates. 
The rain forests absorb much of the heavy annual rainfall. 
The central Indian steppe and eastern Sri Lanka have a tropical savanna climate, with wet and dry seasons, grasslands, and deciduous forests. 
A humid subtropical climate extends across Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.
(pages 575–577)
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Section 2-7

49. South Asia’s Climates (cont.)
Highlands Climates Snow never melts in the Himalayan highlands. 
On the lower slopes, the climate is temperate enough to support deciduous and coniferous forests. 
The foothills support grasslands and stands of bamboo.
(pages 575–577)
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Section 2-8

50. South Asia’s Climates (cont.)
Dry Climates Dry climates, which occur along the lower Indus River, produce the Great Indian Desert and the surrounding steppes. 
Dry deciduous forests cover vast stretches of India’s interior.
(pages 575–577)
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Section 2-9

51. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
South Asia’s Climates (cont.)
In which areas do you think most of the region’s people live? Why do you think so?
They probably live in the tropical and subtropical areas, where there is abundant rainfall. The highlands are too cold and rugged to support substantial human settlement, nor can the arid areas support large human populations.
(pages 575–577)
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Section 2-10

52. Monsoons
South Asia’s three seasons–hot, cool, and wet–depend on the seasonal monsoons that blow from the north and northeast to produce the cool, dry season and from the south and southwest to produce the rainy season.
(pages 577–579)
Section 2-11

53. Monsoons (cont.)
Monsoon Rains Monsoon rains are heaviest in eastern South Asia. 
When the rains sweep over the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, the Himalaya block them from moving north. 
As a result, the rains move west to the Ganges Plain, bringing needed rainfall for crops.
(pages 577–579)
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Section 2-12

54. Monsoons (cont.)
Natural Disasters Both the high temperatures of the hot season and the heavy rains of the wet season have positive and negative effects. 
Extremely high temperatures and lack of rain can dry out the soil, causing drought. 
Too much rain caused by monsoons brings floods and results in great damage to land and property, as well as loss of human life.
(pages 577–579)
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Section 2-13

55. Monsoons (cont.)
Cyclones, another kind of catastrophic weather event, are equally destructive.
(pages 577–579)
Section 2-14

56. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Monsoons (cont.)
Compare and contrast South Asia’s cycle of seasons with those of the United States.
In most of the United States there are four seasons. The general weather pattern does not depend on the seasonal monsoons, and the extremes of hot, dry, cool, and wet are not as drastic as those of South Asia.
(pages 577–579)
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Section 2-15

57. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. storm with heavy rains and high winds that blow in a circular pattern around an area of low atmospheric pressure
__ 2. in Asia, seasonal wind that brings warm, moist air from the oceans in summer and cold, dry air from inland in winter B
A. monsoon
B. cyclone A
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Section 2-16

58. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information Analyze the reaction of South Asia’s environment to the monsoons.
The summer monsoon winds bring moist ocean air from the southwest, which triggers rainfall that supports agriculture in a region without much other annual precipitation. These winds can also trigger flooding. Winter monsoons bring dry air that may cause droughts.
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Section 2-17

59. Critical Thinking
Decision Making Suppose that you wanted to establish a lumber business in South Asia. Where would you locate it? Why?
Section 2-18

60. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting Are the effects of the very hot temperatures in much of South Asia more positive or more negative? Explain.
The effects of the very hot temperatures are probably more negative, because of the effects on the soil (drying it out, removing nutrients) and the possibility of drought in a region with limited freshwater access.
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Section 2-19

61. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps
Region Compare the maps of South Asia’s climate and vegetation below. Explain how climate and vegetation are related in the region.
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Section 2-20

62. Analyzing Maps
Each climate has vegetation typical of its area. Highlands climate vegetation varies with elevation.
Section 2-21

63. Applying Geography
Visiting Sri Lanka Think about the attractions of Sri Lanka’s climate and vegetation. Write a descriptive paragraph urging people to visit and enjoy Sri Lanka’s natural features.
Section 2-22

64. Close
Imagine you live in a part of South Asia dependent upon monsoon rainfalls. Work with your classmates to create a festival celebrating the coming of the rains.
Section 2-23

65. End of Section 2

66. Section 1: The Land (pages 569–574)
Key Points
The landforms of South Asia include mountains, plateaus, plains, and islands. 
South Asia has three great river systems–the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges–and the world’s longest alluvial plain. 
South Asia has few significant oil reserves, but has substantial mineral deposits, including iron ore and mica.
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Chapter Summary 1

67. Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
(pages 575–579)
Key Points
South Asia has highlands, tropical, and desert climates. 
The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to much of South Asia from June to September. 
South Asia’s vegetation is affected by elevation, rainfall, and human activity.
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Chapter Summary 2

68. End of Chapter Summary

69. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that matches the definition below.
alluvial plain cyclone mica
monsoons subcontinent
1. ___________________ seasonal winds
2. ___________________ a storm with high winds and heavy rains
3. ___________________ a layered mineral used to make electrical components
4. ___________________ a very large, distinct landmass that is part of a continent
5. ___________________ an area of rich, fertile soil found along a river
monsoons
cyclone
mica
subcontinent
alluvial plain
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Chapter Assessment 1

70. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Why might the region of South Asia be referred to as “a land of great variety”?
The region might be referred to as “a land of great variety” because of its many different landforms, climates, and types of vegetation.
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Chapter Assessment 2

71. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
How have the mountains of the Vindhya Range affected the people of India?
The mountains have affected the people of India by separating India into distinct northern and southern parts. The Vindhya Range has given rise to two different Indian cultures.
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Chapter Assessment 3

72. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Why is the management of water resources important in South Asia?
The management of water resources is important because the major rivers cross international boundaries. Access to freshwater is limited in much of the region, and most rainfall is limited to seasonal monsoons.
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Chapter Assessment 4

73. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Where can you find a steppe climate region in South Asia?
A steppe climate region can be found on the Deccan Plateau, and surrounding the Great Indian Desert except on the coast.
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Chapter Assessment 5

74. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
When do the three seasons found in much of South Asia occur, and how would you describe each?
The hot season is from late February to June. The wet season is from June or July until September, and the cool season is from October to late February.
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Chapter Assessment 6

75. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
What factors enable South Asia’s rain forests to thrive?
The rain forests thrive because they are directly in the path of the monsoon rains, with no mountains to block them.
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Chapter Assessment 7

76. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause and Effect In what way are the Himalaya responsible for the richness of the soil in the northern plains of the Indian subcontinent?
The Himalaya block the summer monsoon winds and redirect the rainfall to the plains.
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Chapter Assessment 8

77. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting What are the advantages and disadvantages of the monsoons to South Asia?
The summer monsoon winds bring moist ocean air from the southwest, which triggers rainfall that supports agriculture. These winds can also trigger flooding. Winter monsoons bring dry air that may cause droughts.
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Chapter Assessment 9

78. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Locating Places
Match the letters on the map with the places and physical features of South Asia. C I F J A H G
__1. Arabian Sea
__2. Bay of Bengal
__3. Ganges River
__4. Deccan Plateau
__5. Sri Lanka
__6. Himalaya
__7. Brahmaputra River
__8. Great Indian Desert
__9. Pakistan
__10. Indus River E B D
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Chapter Assessment 10

79. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Which of South Asia’s natural resources hold the most potential for further economic development?
The natural resources that hold the most potential for further economic development include hydroelectric power, offshore petroleum deposits, natural gas, and uranium.
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Chapter Assessment 11

80. End of Chapter Assessment

81. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
Geography Online

82. Study the elevation profile below
Study the elevation profile below. Then choose the best answer for the following multiple-choice questions. If you have trouble answering the questions, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.
STP 1

83. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
1. About how much higher is Mt. Everest than the Indus River?
A 2,500 feet
B 19,000 feet
C 25,000 feet
D 1,900 feet
Test-Taking Tip Note that the question asks for the difference in height between the two locations. You can arrive at the answer by subtracting.
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STP 2

84. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
2. Based on elevation, which locations on the profile would be unsuited for farming?
F Ganges Plain
G Great Indian Desert
H Mt. Everest and the Great Indian Desert
J Mt. Everest
Test-Taking Tip Read the question carefully. The phrase based on elevation is important. The Great Indian Desert is unsuited to farming, but not because of its elevation. Once you apply the standard asked for in the question, it is easy to eliminate wrong answers.
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STP 3

85. Mount Everest was named for a man who never saw it
Mount Everest was named for a man who never saw it. British scientist George Everest–pronounced EEV•ruhst–headed the Great Trigonometrical Survey that measured the Indian subcontinent in the 1800s. Mistakenly thinking the peak had no local name, British mapmakers assigned Everest’s name to it.
FYI 1

86. India Rice is so important to South Asian culture that the Hindi phrase for “Have you eaten?” translates literally as “Have you taken rice?”
Culture Note 2

87. Reading an Elevation Profile
If you were planning a long-distance cycling expedition, you might want to check elevations of places along your route. Elevation, the vertical distance above sea level of a place or landform, can be shown in a number of ways. An elevation profile gives you elevation information in a visual form.
SkillBuilder 1

88. Reading an Elevation Profile
Learning the Skill
An elevation profile presents visual information about the elevation of a particular area, route, or landform in a two-dimensional way. The base of an elevation profile is sea level, the point from which land elevation is measured. A vertical scale measures elevation above sea level.
SkillBuilder 2

89. Reading an Elevation Profile
Learning the Skill
Reading an elevation profile is similar to reading a line graph. The vertical scale corresponds to the y-axis. In some elevation profiles, a horizontal scale, corresponding to the x-axis, measures the length of the route, area, or landform in miles or kilometers. The profile, or top edge of the landscape shown, corresponds to the line in a line graph. This line shows elevation at specific points. Some elevation profiles provide information on more than one route, area, or landform, using different colors or patterns to distinguish each profile.
SkillBuilder 3

90. Reading an Elevation Profile
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to read an elevation profile: 
Look at the landscape profile as a whole. This will give you a general sense of the variations in elevation shown. 
Find the highest and lowest points. Use the vertical scale to find their elevations. Calculate the approximate difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points. 
Use your finger to trace the profile. If your finger must jump up and down to follow the profile, the area has dramatic differences in elevation. 
If more than one area or landform is profiled, follow the procedure for each profile. Then use the information to compare the profiled areas.
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SkillBuilder 4

91. Reading an Elevation Profile
Practicing the Skill
Study the elevation profile contrasting the Rocky Mountains with the Himalaya on page 580 of your textbook. Then answer these questions.
1. What is the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains? About how many feet above sea level does it rise?
2. What is the approximate elevation of the highest peak in the Himalaya?
The highest peak is Mount Elbert. Its elevation is 14,433 feet.
The highest peak of the Himalaya is 29,035 feet (8,850 m).
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SkillBuilder 5

92. Reading an Elevation Profile
Practicing the Skill
Study the elevation profile contrasting the Rocky Mountains with the Himalaya on page 580 of your textbook. Then answer these questions.
3. What is the approximate difference in elevation between the highest point in the Rocky Mountains and the highest point in the Himalaya?
4. Which range contains the greater variation in elevation?
The approximate difference in elevation is 14,595 feet.
The Himalaya contains a greater variation in elevation.
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SkillBuilder 6

93. Reading an Elevation Profile
Practicing the Skill
Study the elevation profile contrasting the Rocky Mountains with the Himalaya on page 580 of your textbook. Then answer these questions.
5. Which range stretches over a greater distance?
6. What does the elevation profile reveal about the relative elevations of these mountain ranges?
The Rockies stretch over a greater distance.
While the variations between the high and low points of the Himalaya are greater than those of the Rockies, overall, the peaks of the Himalaya are closer to the same height.
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SkillBuilder 7

94. Maps and Charts Contents
South Asia: Physical-Political
South Asia: Climate Regions
South Asia: Natural Vegetation
Charts
Comparing Climate Regions: India and the United States
South Asia: Monsoons
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Maps and Charts Contents

95. Maps and Charts 1

96. Maps and Charts 2

97. Maps and Charts 3

98. Maps and Charts 4

99. Maps and Charts 5

100. Political Map Transparency

101. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1
Possible answer: Bangladesh has almost five times as much arable land as Nepal. And about four times more land is irrigated in Bangladesh.
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1

102. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2

103. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove
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End of Custom Shows

104. End of Slide Show