1. Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2 Hardware Designed to Meet the Need The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Selecting and Purchasing a Computer Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer

2. Succeeding with Technology 2.1 The Digital Revolution What does it mean to be digital? Binary number system Digital convergence Key Terms

3. Succeeding with Technology The Digital Revolution Digital Camera Digital Video (DVD) Digital PCS Cell Phone Digital Convergence The Digital Divide DIGITAL TV DIGITAL DIGITAL THEATERS DIGITAL RADIO DIGITAL What’s all this fuss about digital?!

4. Succeeding with Technology The Digital Revolution What’s all the fuss about digital?!

5. Succeeding with Technology The Bit (binary digit) Bits are the 1’s and 0’s that allow us to represent, store, and manipulate data They are the smallest unit of data in a digital electronics device Recall from chapter 1….

6. Succeeding with Technology Bits aren’t really 1’s and 0’s, they are devices that can be set to one of two states.  A bit can be a capacitor that is electronic charged or not charged.  A bit can be an area of metal particles on the surface of a disk that are either magnetically charged or not.  A bit can be a microscopic spot on a highly reflective disk surface that either has a pit burned into it or not. The Bit

7. Succeeding with Technology How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent useful data and information? Information can be assigned to the two states of the bit:  On =  Off = The Bit 1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state of a bit, but you could use anything; black/white, true/false, male/female, etc.

8. Succeeding with Technology 00 = 01 = 10 = 11 = How many units of information could be represented with 2 bits? The Bit

9. Succeeding with Technology 000 = 001 = 010 = 011 = How many units of information could be stored using 3 bits? 100 = 101 = 110 = 111 = The Bit

10. Succeeding with Technology Increasing the amount bit allows us to digitally describe things in more detail. The Bit

11. Succeeding with Technology # of BitsUnits of Info 12 24 38 416 532 664 7128 8256 General Rule: 2 bits = units of info General Rule: 2 bits = units of info 8 Bits = a Byte The Bit

12. Succeeding with Technology Bytes can represent any collection of items using a “look-up table” approach ASCII is used to represent characters Bit & Bytes Some of the ASCII characters ASCII Code CharCharacter Name 01011011[Left Bracket 01011100\Backward Slash 01011101]Right Bracket 01011110^Caret 01011111_Underscore 01100000`Back Quote 01100001aLower-case A 01100010bLower-case B 01100011cLower-case C 01100100dLower-case D 01100101eLower-case E 01100110fLower-case F 01100111gLower-case G 01101000hLower-case H ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

13. Succeeding with Technology Bytes can also represent “values” using the binary number system. The binary number system uses only two values, 0 and 1, and is used by computers and digital devices to represent and process data. Bit & Bytes DecimalBinary 23911101111

14. Succeeding with Technology Bit & Bytes 2148163264128 214 81632 64128 Binary is not only used for math but also to digitize pictures, and music. In fact, most things that we perceive with our senses can be described and stored digitally as values (binary numbers) and manipulated with numeric calculations. More on this in chapter 6.

15. Succeeding with Technology The Value of Going Digital Anything that can be expressed through words, numbers, sounds, pictures, and even scents can be digitized.even scents Digital information is easy to manipulate. Digital information is easy to copy and transfer. Digital information is long lasting. Digitization standardizes the format of all different types of data and information leading to…

16. Succeeding with Technology Digital Convergence Digital convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.

17. Succeeding with Technology Why Study Computer Hardware Components? Consider PC Choices…

18. Succeeding with Technology Let’s go shopping! CompUSA Sony Apple In order to shop intelligently, you must understand the basics about processors, storage, input/output and peripherals.

19. Succeeding with Technology Key Components Processor Memory Storage Networking Battery Life OS Display Removable Storage CD-R/DVD

20. Succeeding with Technology 2.2 Integrated Circuits and Processing transistor Integrated circuit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Motherboard Arithmetic/logic unit Control unit Random Access Memory (RAM) The machine cycle Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz) Gigaflop Moore’s Law Key Terms

21. Succeeding with Technology Transistor A transistor is an electronics component, composed typically of silicon, that opens or closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity to store and manipulate bits.

22. Succeeding with Technology Integrated Circuit An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices. http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/index.htm

23. Succeeding with Technology The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that performs the processing in today’s personal computers and other digital devices. Intels Core Duo Processors use 65 nm technology to cram hundreds of millions of transistors on a chip the size of you thumb nail.

24. Succeeding with Technology Pentium 4 Die photo of the Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor built on 90nm technology

25. Succeeding with Technology CPU Components Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set. Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system. Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes). System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used to synchronize activities within the processor. Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second) Cache Memory: Fast access memory for instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).

26. Succeeding with Technology The Motherboard The motherboard is the primary circuit boards of a computing device that houses the digital device’s circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.

27. Succeeding with Technology Processing The microprocessor accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or volatile, memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the processor to access.

28. Succeeding with Technology Processing – The Machine Cycle Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Registers Memory 1.Fetch 2.Decode3.Execute 4.Store The Machine Cycle The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.

29. Succeeding with Technology Contributors to CPU Speed www.intel.com/products/processor_number/c hart click View the Demo www.intel.com/products/processor_number/c hart  Clock Speed – measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz), millions and billions of cycles per second  Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at a time (32 or 64)  Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB High-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than RAM  Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz  Architecture See next slide >>

30. Succeeding with Technology Multi-core processors A multi-core microprocessor is one which combines two or more independent processors into a single package, often a single integrated circuit.  Dual core  Soon to come - Quad core

31. Succeeding with Technology Which processor is best? Truest Measures of Performance  MIPS – millions of instructions per second  Gigaflops – billions of floating point operations per second. Note that different instructions take differing amounts of clock cycles.

32. Succeeding with Technology Multiple processors Multiprocessing is processing that occurs using more than one processing unit.  Coprocessors are special-purpose processors that speed processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity.  Parallel processing speeds processing by linking several CPUs to operate at the same time, in parallel.  Massively parallel processing – used in supercomputers, hundreds/thousands of processors

33. Succeeding with Technology PC Processor Options www.intel.com AMD, an alternative to Intel http://www.amd.com/us-en/ http://www.amd.com/us-en/

34. Succeeding with Technology 2.3 Storage Read-only Memory Magnetic Storage Optical Storage CD-ROM DVD CD-RW Flash memory card USB Key Terms From CH1: Storage is the ability to maintain data within the system temporarily or permanently

35. Succeeding with Technology System Storage Random Access Memory, RAM, or primary storage:  Volatile memory that stores currently running software: OS and apps, and data in addressed cells.  512 MB Standard, 2 GB recommended  RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module is inserted in slots in the Motherboard

36. Succeeding with Technology Other Types of Memory Cache Memory is fast access storage on the processor Video RAM is included on video card for faster video display ROM stores the boot process instruction that start the computer and load the OS from hard drive into RAM CMOS memory provides semipermenant storage for system configuration information that may change.

37. Succeeding with Technology Secondary Storage Storage Methods Sequential Access (tape) Direct Access (disk or solid state) Storage Methods Sequential Access (tape) Direct Access (disk or solid state) 23 Storage Media Type Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic properties of iron oxide particles to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM. Optical storage media, such as CDs and DVDs store bits using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective disk surface. Solid State storage devices use flash memory to store bits.flash memory Tape Drive

38. Succeeding with Technology Microdrives from Toshiba Microdrives from Toshiba provide iPods with their ultra high storage capacity.iPods Magnetic Media Hard Disk Drives Magnetic Tape High-capacity Disks (Zip, etc) Floppy Disks (outdated) Microdrives

39. Succeeding with Technology Mini Memory Card 1 TB HDD Recorder Secondary Storage 23 Tape Drive Storage silo robot 2GB MP3 Player Secondary storage is used to store data more permanently without the need for electricity. DVD-RW

40. Succeeding with Technology Optical Media CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)

41. Succeeding with Technology Solid State A flash memory card is a chip that, unlike RAM, is nonvolatile and keeps its memory without the need for electricity. USB Flash Drives use flash memory to provide high capacity storage through the USB port. Universal Serial Bus or USB is a standard that allows a wide variety of devices to connect to a computer through a common port.

42. Succeeding with Technology Internet Storage Users are increasingly storing data on Web servers, rather than on PCs through services provided by companies like Yahoo, MSN, Google and others.  Google offers Web-based Email, Calendar, Photo, Spreadsheet, and Word Processing services that provide the software and substantial online storage for free.Web-based Email CalendarPhotoSpreadsheetWord Processing

43. Succeeding with Technology RAM CPU Registers cache ROM VRAM Hard Drive Tape Magnetic Storage CD DVD Optical Storage USB network Storage Review

44. Succeeding with Technology 2.4 Input, Output, and Expansion Input device Output device Touch screen Game pad Biometrics Display resolution LCD Key Terms

45. Succeeding with Technology I/O Concepts An input device assists in capturing and entering raw data into the computer system. An output device allows you to observe the results of computer processing with one or more of your senses.

46. Succeeding with Technology I/O Concepts Speed and Functionality Human vs. Machine Readable Data Source Data Automation RFID Check out

47. Succeeding with Technology Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball Touch screen, stylus, kiosks Microphone, speech recognition Gamepad, other game- centered devices Digital cameras Scanning devices http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx

48. Succeeding with Technology Wearable display Output Devices Displays  Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat panel display is a thin flat display that uses liquid crystals between two pieces of glass to display text and images. Printers and Plotters Sound Systems Special purpose I/O Display resolution is a measure, in width by height, of the number of pixels on the screen.

49. Succeeding with Technology IBM’s Flexible Display (in development) http://www.u niversaldispl ay.com/fole d.htm

50. Succeeding with Technology The Free2C 3D Kiosk http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/english/im/products/free2c/

51. Succeeding with Technology Quiz 1.The _______ number system is ideal for digital systems because it only had two digits, 0 and 1. 2.T or F: All software interprets a byte such as 11110000 the same way. 3.In the CPU, the ________ performs the mathematical calculations. 4.In the CPU, the ________ sequentially accesses program instructions. 5. When a computer is first powered on, the processor is fed instructions from: a. Register storage b. RAM c. ROM

52. Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2 Questions? Don’t forget to turn your phone on!!