1. Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2 Hardware Designed to Meet the Need The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Selecting and Purchasing a Computer Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer

2. Succeeding with Technology Review of Basic Concepts: CH 1-3 General Concepts Hardware Software Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer

3. Succeeding with Technology A Computer An electronic device used to perform calculations and other digital functions at high speed. Computer activities  Input  Processing  Storage  Output Special purpose vs. general purpose computers How do these concepts relate to an MP3 player?

4. Succeeding with Technology SINGLE USER SYSTEMS Types of General Purpose Computer Systems Personal Computers (PCs) Small, inexpensive, often called microcomputers. Workstations High-end special-purpose microcomputers Midrange Computers Size of a three drawer file cabinet and accommodates several users at one time. Mainframe Computers Large and powerful, shared by hundreds concurrently. Supercomputers Most powerful with fastest processing speeds. MULTI-USER SYSTEMS (SERVERS)

5. Succeeding with Technology The Digital Revolution What does it mean to be digital? Binary number system ASCII Digitization Digital convergence Key Terms

6. Succeeding with Technology # of BitsUnits of Info 1? How many units of information can be represented with 1 bit? The Bit

7. Succeeding with Technology # of BitsUnits of Info 12 2? How many units of information can be represented with 2 bits? The Bit

8. Succeeding with Technology # of BitsUnits of Info 12 24 3? How many units of information can be represented with 4 bits? The Bit

9. Succeeding with Technology # of BitsUnits of Info 12 24 38 4? How many units of information can be represented with 4 bits? The Bit

10. Succeeding with Technology # of BitsUnits of Info 12 24 38 416 532 664 7128 8256 General Rule: 2 bits = units of info General Rule: 2 bits = units of info 8 Bits = a Byte The Bit

11. Succeeding with Technology Increasing the amount bit allows us to digitally describe things in more detail. The Bit

12. Succeeding with Technology Digital Technology Metrics Kilo, Mega, Giga, what comes next?

13. Succeeding with Technology Bytes can represent any collection of items using a “look-up table” approach ASCII is used to represent characters Bit & Bytes Some of the ASCII characters ASCII Code CharCharacter Name 01011011[Left Bracket 01011100\Backward Slash 01011101]Right Bracket 01011110^Caret 01011111_Underscore 01100000`Back Quote 01100001aLower-case A 01100010bLower-case B 01100011cLower-case C 01100100dLower-case D 01100101eLower-case E 01100110fLower-case F 01100111gLower-case G 01101000hLower-case H ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

14. Succeeding with Technology Bytes can also represent “values” using the binary number system. The binary number system uses only two values, 0 and 1, and is used by computers and digital devices to represent and process data. Bit & Bytes DecimalBinary 23911101111

15. Succeeding with Technology Bit & Bytes Click to run Binary Counter – position counter here.Binary Counter 2148163264128 214 81632 64128 Binary is not only used for math but also to digitize pictures, and music. In fact, most things that we perceive with our senses can be described and stored digitally as values (binary numbers) and manipulated with numeric calculations. More on this in chapter 6.

16. Succeeding with Technology Digitization The process of transforming non- digital information into bit representation. What can be digitized? http://www.trisenx.com/intro.html

17. Succeeding with Technology Digital Convergence Digital convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.

18. Succeeding with Technology Integrated Circuits and Processing transistor Integrated circuit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Motherboard Arithmetic/logic unit Control unit Random Access Memory (RAM) The machine cycle Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz) Gigaflop Moore’s Law Key Terms

19. Succeeding with Technology Transistor A transistor is an electronics component, composed typically of silicon, that opens or closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity to store and manipulate bits.

20. Succeeding with Technology Integrated Circuit An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices. http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/index.htm

21. Succeeding with Technology Key PC Components Processor Memory Storage Networking Battery Life OS Display Removable Storage CD-R/DVD

22. Succeeding with Technology The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that performs the processing in today’s personal computers and other digital devices. Intels Core Duo Processors use 65 nm technology to cram hundreds of millions of transistors on a chip the size of you thumb nail.

23. Succeeding with Technology CPU Components Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set. Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system. Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes). System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used to synchronize activities within the processor. Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second) Cache Memory: Fast access memory for instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).

24. Succeeding with Technology Processing The Central Processing Unit (CPU) accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or volatile, memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the processor to access. The motherboard houses most components of a computer system

25. Succeeding with Technology Processing – The Machine Cycle Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Registers Memory 1.Fetch 2.Decode3.Execute 4.Store The Machine Cycle The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.

26. Succeeding with Technology Contributors to CPU Speed www.intel.com/products/processor_number/c hart click View the Demo www.intel.com/products/processor_number/c hart  Clock Speed – measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz), millions and billions of cycles per second  Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at a time (32 or 64)  Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB  Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz  Architecture See next slide >>

27. Succeeding with Technology Multiprocessing Multiprocessing and Parallel processing use multiple processors working together simultaniously. A multi-core microprocessor is one which combines two or more independent processors into a single package, often a single integrated circuit.  Dual core  Soon to come - Quad core  Intel and AMD

28. Succeeding with Technology Moore’s Law the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will doubled every 18 months – 2 years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_Law#_note-IntelInterview

29. Succeeding with Technology Storage Read-only Memory Magnetic Storage Optical Storage CD-ROM DVD CD-RW Flash memory card USB Key Terms From CH1: Storage is the ability to maintain data within the system temporarily or permanently

30. Succeeding with Technology System Storage Random Access Memory, RAM, or primary storage:  Volatile memory that stores currently running software: OS and apps, and data in addressed cells.  512 MB Standard, 1 GB recommended  RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module is inserted in slots in the Motherboard

31. Succeeding with Technology Other Types of Memory Cache Memory is fast access storage on the processor Video RAM is included on video card for faster video display ROM stores the boot process instruction that start the computer and load the OS from hard drive into RAM CMOS memory provides semipermenant storage for system configuration information that may change.

32. Succeeding with Technology Mini Memory Card 1 TB HDD Recorder Secondary Storage 23 Tape Drive Storage silo robot 2GB MP3 Player Secondary storage is used to store data more permanently without the need for electricity. DVD-RW

33. Succeeding with Technology Secondary Storage Storage Methods Sequential Access (tape) Direct Access (disk or solid state) Storage Methods Sequential Access (tape) Direct Access (disk or solid state) 23 Storage Media Type Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic properties of iron oxide particles to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM. Optical storage media, such as CDs and DVDs store bits using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective disk surface. Solid State storage devices use flash memory to store bits.flash memory Tape Drive

34. Succeeding with Technology Microdrives from Toshiba Microdrives from Toshiba provide iPods with their ultra high storage capacity.iPods Magnetic Media Hard Disk Drives Magnetic Tape High-capacity Disks (Zip, etc) Floppy Disks (outdated) Microdrives

35. Succeeding with Technology Optical Media CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)

36. Succeeding with Technology Solid State A flash memory card is a chip that, unlike RAM, is nonvolatile and keeps its memory without the need for electricity. USB Flash Drives use flash memory to provide high capacity storage through the USB port. Universal Serial Bus or USB is a standard that allows a wide variety of devices to connect to a computer through a common port.

37. Succeeding with Technology 2.4 Input, Output, and Expansion Input device Output device Touch screen Game pad Biometrics Display resolution LCD Key Terms

38. Succeeding with Technology Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball Touch screen, stylus, kiosks Microphone, speech recognition Gamepad, other game- centered devices Digital cameras Scanning devices http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx

39. Succeeding with Technology Wearable display Output Devices Displays  Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat panel display is a thin flat display that uses liquid crystals between two pieces of glass to display text and images. Printers and Plotters Sound Systems Special purpose I/O Display resolution is a measure, in width by height, of the number of pixels on the screen.

40. Succeeding with Technology IBM’s Flexible Display (in development) http://www.u niversaldispl ay.com/fole d.htm

41. Succeeding with Technology Software System Software & Application Software Programming Language Source Code Object Code Compiler User Interface System Software Utility Program Application Software Operating System Shareware Single-user License Open Source Software Key Terms

42. Succeeding with Technology Source Code Compiler Object (Executable) Code 10011011000111010110111 void main() { char password[200] = "opensaysme"; char input[200]; while(strcmp(password, input)) { clrscr(); cout > input; } cout << "\nWelcome, Oh Great One!\n"; exit(1); } Password.cpp Password.exe Programming Process

43. Succeeding with Technology How Software Works Software consists of a number of files at least one of which is “executable”. Executable File: stores computer instructions in binary machine language.

44. Succeeding with Technology Categories of Software System Software controls the hardware and runs the computer system. Application Software provides services for people. www.download.com www.betznews.com

45. Succeeding with Technology 45 The software that controls the computer’s use of its hardware. Acts as an interface between application software and hardware. Operating System Applications The Operating System

46. Succeeding with Technology 46 Utility Programs (the other system software) Programs designed to assist the machine in running smoothly, securely, and efficiently. Programs that assist us in maintaining and manipulating system resources.

47. Succeeding with Technology Application Software Off-the-shelf  Prepackaged software designed to meet a general need and purchased under license agreements. Custom Designed, In-house Developed, or Contracted  Designed to solve a unique and specific problem – developed and owned by a business or organization.

48. Succeeding with Technology Software Licenses Single-user Shareware  http://www.download.com http://www.download.com Multi-user Open Source Software comes with the source code used to create the software.

49. Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2 Questions? Don’t forget to turn your phone on!!