1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Antecedent Control: Motivation Chapter 19

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Behavioral View of Motivation Motivating Operations (MO’s) –Events or operations that: Temporarily alter the effectiveness of consequences as reinforcers or punishers (value-altering effect) Influence behaviors that normally lead to those reinforcers or punishers (behavior-altering effect) Motivating Establishing Operations (MEOs) –Increase the effectiveness of a consequence as a reinforcer Motivating Abolishing Operations (MAOs) –Decrease the effectiveness of a consequence as a reinforcer

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Unconditioned versus Conditioned Motivating Operations Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs) –Value-altering effect is innate –Behavior-altering effect is learned Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs) –Value-altering effect is learned –Behavior-altering effect is learned

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 19.1 – Types of Motivating Operations Source text: “In addition to distinguishing between MEOs and MAOs, we also distinguish between unconditioned and conditioned motivating operations (Michael, 1993); see Figure 19-1.” (page 231)

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CMEOs and S D s S D –A stimulus that has been correlated with the availability of a reinforcer for a particular behavior –A cue that tells you what to do to get what you already want CMEO –Motivator that momentarily increases the value of a conditioned reinforcer and increases the likelihood of behavior that has led to that reinforcer in the past –A cue that changes what you want and tells you what to do to get whatever it is that you now want

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CMAOs and S ∆ s S ∆ –A stimulus in the presence of which a response has not been reinforced –A cue that tells you that emitting a particular behavior will not lead to a reinforcer that you want CMAO –A motivator that momentarily decreases the value of a conditioned reinforcer and decreases the likelihood of behavior that has led to that reinforcer in the past –Influences someone to no longer want a particular consequence, and decreases behavior that led to that consequence

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. S D s, S ∆ s, CMEOs and CMAOs Discriminative variables (S D s, S ∆ s) are related to differential availability of an effective form of reinforcement given a particular type of behavior Motivative variables (CMEOs, CMAOs) are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of environmental events

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Application of Motivating Operations Teaching mands to children with autism –Mands – a request for something that a person wants First type of verbal behavior acquired by a child Motivating seat belt use among senior drivers Decreasing self-injurious behavior maintained by attention