1. North and South, 1820–1860 Chapter 14 The American Nation
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 14: North and South, 1820–1860
The American Nation
Chapter 14: North and South, 1820–1860
Section 1: Industry in the North
Section 2: Life in the North
Section 3: Cotton Kingdom in the South
Section 4: Life in the South
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Industry in the North
Chapter 14, Section 1
How did new inventions change manufacturing and farming in the North?
What difficulties did the first railroads face?
How did railroads and clipper ships help the northern economy?

4. New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming
Chapter 14, Section 1
Invention
Sewing machine
Inventor
Elias Howe,
improved by Isaac Singer
Improvement
Clothing could be manufactured by machine much more rapidly than it could be made by hand.
Iron Plow
Steel Plow
Jethro Wood
John Deere
The older, heavy wood and iron plows had to be pulled by slow-moving oxen. A horse could pull a lighter-weight steel plow faster.
Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick
A horse-drawn reaper could mow wheat and other grains five times as fast as farmhands using hand tools.
Mechanical Drill, Threshing Machine, Horse-Drawn Hay Rake
All these improvements helped farmers raise more grain with fewer farmhands.

5. New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming
Chapter 14, Section 1
Invention
Telegraph
Inventor
Samuel F. B. Morse
Improvement
The “talking wire,” or telegraph, was a device that sent electrical signals along a wire. For the first time, news could travel long distances in a few minutes.
steam-powered locomotive engine
an English family
Railroad cars had been pulled by horses or mules. The steam-powered locomotive, or engine to pull railroad cars, could do 30 miles per hour.

6. The Trouble With Railroads
Chapter 14, Section 1
Early problems
Workers who moved freight on horse-drawn wagons feared losing their jobs.
Investors in canals worried that competition from the railroads would cause them to lose their investments.
Soft roadbeds and weak bridges often led to railroad accidents.
Locomotives often broke down.
The smokestacks belched thick smoke and hot embers. The embers sometimes burned clothing.
Where there was only one track instead of one in each direction, trains collided.
Gradually, many of these problems were solved and by the 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the nation.

7. Railroads in 1850
Chapter 14, Section 1

8. Railroads in 1850
Chapter 14, Section 1

9. Railroads and Clippers Improve the Northern Economy
Chapter 14, Section 1
Railroads increased commerce within the United States.
New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati became major rail centers.
Railroads allowed factory owners to transport large amounts cheaply and quickly
Railroads linked towns with cities. The towns became markets for goods made in the cities.
Railroads brought cheap farm goods from the West to New England. New England farmers could not compete and left their farms for other jobs.
A new kind of ship, the clipper ship, increased commerce between the United States and other nations.
Americans sold cotton, fur, wheat, lumber, and tobacco overseas.
John Griffiths launched a new, speedier ship—the clipper ship. It was a sleek vessel with tall masts and huge sails that caught every gust of wind.