1. THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.

2. Balance of Power (see pg. 449) SOUTHNORTH

3. Balance of Power (see pg. 449) SOUTH Defensive Strategy Better officers Military Culture Limited transportation Limited manufacturing Limited population (slave revolution?) NORTH Offensive Strategy Incompetent/Hesitant Officers Urban culture Extensive ports& transportation system Extensive Manufacturing Immigration/Population

4. Map: Major American Cities in 1830 and 1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Map: Railroad Growth, 1850-1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/MAP DEMO/Theater/TheTheater.html

7. What were the 3 parts of the Anaconda Plan? Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)

8. WAR STRATEGIES P.S. What’s the difference between tactics and strategy? THE NORTH’S “ANACONDA” PLAN 1.Naval blockade of Southern ports 2.Control the Mississippi and split Confederacy in two 3.Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital THE SOUTH’S PLAN 1.Fight a defensive war 2.Secure recognition and support from Europe 3.Negotiate an armistice

9. CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT) NORTH: Started in 1863 Ages 20-45 for 3 years Substitutes allowed Commutations for $300 Bounties paid to volunteers 92% of army volunteered SOUTH: Started in 1862 Ages 18-35 Exemptions for slaveholders with 20 slaves or more Substitutes allowed 80% of elegible men served

10. DRAFT RIOTS: NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African Americans lynched. 100 killed.

11. ECONOMICS IN THE NORTH: institutes income tax for 1 st time Increases tariff & taxes on alcohol and tobacco Instituted the National Banking System to regulate currency Instituted the “greenback” currency Treasury bonds instituted to borrow money IN THE SOUTH: Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt. Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade 9,000 inflation rate!!!

12. ECONOMICS IN THE NORTH: Boom in manufacturing Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing machine Introduction of “sizing” for clothing Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix) Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1 st time

13. ECONOMICS IN THE SOUTH: Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt. Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade Transportation collapses Cotton Capitalism collapses SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!

14. ECONOMICS IN THE SOUTH: Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12% Income is 2/5 of Northern average Transportation collapses Cotton Capitalism collapses

15. ECONOMIC CHANGES: SUMMARY IN THE NORTH: Economy booms and grows Institutes income tax for 1 st time Construction of national railroad system Creation of national banks Instituted the “greenback” currency 179% inflation rate in 1865 IN THE SOUTH: Economic collapse Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12% Income is 2/5 of Northern average 9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!

16. THEME: Lincoln’s skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial Border States in the Union and maintain northern morale, while his effective diplomacy kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy.

17. The Blockade Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan) Begins to have success by targeting cotton ports Risks war with Britain by seizing British merchants, uses “ultimate destination”- legal cover to avoid war Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700% 3//9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack  end of wooden- hulled warfare, beginning of the “Ironclads”

18. Virginia rams Cumberland

19. Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)

20. http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/monitor.jpg Monitor after the battle with the Virginia

21. Cotton King? South counts on European intervention: –It needs naval support and trade with Europe –Europe depends on its cotton –Aristocratic South mirrors monarchies in Europe Why doesn’t Europe come? Europe does not come to the South’s aid because: Uncle Tom’s Cabin turns British and French public against slave-holding South There was a glut of cotton on market when war began Union sends grain surpluses to Europe, UK suffers bad harvests Union sent captured cotton supplies to Europe Egypt and India increased cotton production

22. Diplomacy Fails Trent Affair, late 1861 –US Navy boards British steamer and captures 2 Confederate diplomats Alabama raids: 1862-1864 –British built ship, armed in Portuguese Azores (=British are technically not arming South) –Captured 60 US vessels, sinks 64 –Similar British built Confederate ships sink 250 Union ships –Britain pays $15.5 million in damages after war 1863: the Laird “rams”= Brinkmanship with UK –Would have broken Union blockade and probably resulted in Union invasion of Canada

23. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h57000/h57256.jpg

24. Side-effects of Foreign Flare-ups American Vigilante raids into Canada unite Canadians 1867: British parliament grants Canada independence 1863: Napoleon III establishes a puppet regime in Mexico –violating the Monroe Doctrine US cannot threaten retaliation until after the war in 1865

25. Whose War? War for What? After Sumter: Who goes next? ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA Capital of Confederacy moves to Richmond, VA BORDER STATES: MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory W.VA formed by “mountain whites” Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD, sends Union troops to support unionist militias in Border states, W. VA, MO

27. Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY? Lincoln cannot loose the “Butternut” Region of Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States. “I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

28. Border States and Civil Rights THEME: Lincoln violates Constitution in order to preserve it Lincoln expands presidential authority while Congress is not in session, appropriating Congress’ powers: 1. He expands army 2. He appropriates 2 million for military costs Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in order to indefinitely detain anti-Unionists, especially in Border States, like Maryland Lincoln censors papers and imprisons hostile editors Federal troops used to intimidate voters in Border States

29. The Presidents Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/images/al16.jpg http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/integrate/davis2.jpg

30. The “Presidents” UNIONCONFEDERACY Lincoln exercises arbitrary powers Lincoln benefits from one- party politics Dissent is suppressed Lincoln builds coalitions, uses humor to defuse His cabinet contains political extremes and some of his strongest opponents! Seen as weak at first, becomes popular with time Jefferson Davis CANNOT exercise arbitrary power Local rights usurp Common needs Davis cannot assert authority over troops Imperious, rarely compromises Threatened with impeachment/unpopular

31. The War comes to “Mobtown” Baltimore was nation’s 2 nd largest city at the time Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs and riots Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks, Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans… The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the election year of 1855. Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or Douglas. Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the way to his inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.

32. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/baltimore_1869.jpg

33. Trouble Brews… Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12 th ). Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14 th call for volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer enlistment. Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs in Baltimore. Many soldiers are hurt. The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing and stabbing him with knives Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the city. http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

34. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/baltimore_1869.jpg

36. “Another Lexington” or another “Boston Massacre”? 6 th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17 th and arrives in Baltimore April 19 th. An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded. 21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. –Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the ground – dies of his wounds. –Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by the mob. Last company to march sustains 25% casualties. Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

37. http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01381.jpg

39. http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01317.jpg

41. AFTER EFFECTS On April 20 th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed. Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records. Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested. September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested. Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial. Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

43. Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department “After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.” http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

46. Maryland, My Maryland –I The despot's heel is on thy shore, –Maryland! His torch is at thy temple door, –Maryland! Avenge the patriotic gore That flecked the streets of Baltimore, And be the battle queen of yore, –Maryland! My Maryland! –VI Dear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain, –Maryland! Virginia should not call in vain, –Maryland! She meets her sisters on the plain- "Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrain That baffles minions back again, –Maryland! Arise in majesty again, –Maryland! My Maryland!

47. (Z24.432) Unveiling of Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors http://www.mdhs.org/library/Z24BaltEvents.html

48. Point Lookout, Md. View of Hammond Genl. Hospital & U.S. genl. depot for prisoners of war