3. Australopithecus anamensis Named by Meave Leakey and colleagues in 1994 crania, teeth & postcrania 2 sites: Allia Bay & Kanapoi ca. 4.2-3.9 Ma

4. A. anamensis

6. LOUIS LEAKEY

7. Paranthropus boisei O.H. 5 discovered 1959 “robust” australopithecine -- Zinjanthropus massive premolars and molars tiny canines and incisors “Human Cuisinart”

8. Robust australopithecines = Paranthropus Late Pliocene - early Pleistocene deposits (2.5 -1 Ma) East & South Africa massive molars flatter, braoder, “dished” faces poorly known post- cranial anatomy similar in size to Australopithecus

9. P. boisei -- female & male KNM-ER 732KNM-ER 406

10. KNM-WT 17000 The “Black Skull” 1985 discovery W. Turkana (Kenya) & Omo (Ethiopia) ca. 2.8 - 2.2 Ma primitive “robust” australopithecine Paranthropus aethiopicus

11. Gracile australopithecines Australopithecus africanus A. afarensis A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali Robust australopithecines Paranthropus robustus P. aethiopicus P. boisei Generalized jaws & teethSpecialized jaws & teeth

12. Australopithecus garhi 1999 discovery by Asfaw, White and colleagues 2.5 Ma Ethiopia’s Middle Awash region garhi = “surprise”

13. A. garhi craniodental & postcranial remains (? association) Cranium: –small brain –prognathic face –very large teeth Post-cranium: –long legs –long forearms –< 5 ft tall

14. A. garhi Antelope remains from nearby site with cutmarks A. garhi or another hominin species is responsible (?) meat/marrow eating at an early date -- “hallmark” in human evolution

15. Hominin Trends AustralopithecusHomo Encephalization Dentition

16. Bone Marrow

19. 22 March 2001

20. Kenyanthropus platyops nov. sp. Disc. 1999 by Meave Leakey

21. “flat-faced man of Kenya” 3.2 to 3.5 Ma – western Lake Turkana contemporary with “Lucy” new genus -- controversial! KNM-WT 40000 = holotype Kenyanthropus platyops nov. sp.

24. Confused about taxonomy? Hominidae Australopithecinae Homininae African apes not included Australopithecines a SUBFAMILY Hominidae Gorillinae Homininae Australopithecini Hominini Australopithecines a TRIBE

26. http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/index.htm

28. Hominin Trends AustralopithecusHomo Encephalization Dentition

29. Homo habilis Leakey et al., 1964 Olduvai Gorge –Beds I and II –2.0 - 1.6 Ma “Handy Man” Tool association Passes “cerebral rubicon” Reduced molar size

30. Species based on... BED I Materials OH 4 -- isolated teeth OH 6 -- cranial fragments OH 7 -- mandible, parietals, hand bones (Type) OH 8 -- partial foot OH 10 -- toe bone OH 35 -- tibia & fibula OH 48 -- clavicle OH 49 -- radius shaft

31. Species based on... BED II Materials OH 13 -- mandible, maxilla, cranial frags (Paratype) OH 14 -- cranial fragments OH 16 -- partial skull

32. The Cerebral Rubicon Cranial Capacity (cm 3 ) A. africanus x = 440 P. boiseix = 515 H. habilisx = 640 H. erectusx = 1000

33. Defining Homo habilis Craniodental Remains retreating chin region relatively large I & C small (narrow) molars (relative to Australopithecus) M3 smaller than M2 Temporal lines never meet in midline slight postorbital constriction

34. Postcranial Remains hand bones robust, prehensile stout big toe, adducted hand & forelimbs indicate climbing & weight support adaptations Defining Homo habilis

35. OH 24 -- “Twiggy” Olduvai Gorge -- Lower Bed I partial & reconstructed skull female individual cranial capacity ca. 590 cm 3 (smaller than Australopithecus) slight postorbital constriction domed forehead expanded parietal region

36. Oldowan “Chopper” Technology

37. Homo habilis fossils (at one time or another)

39. Single Species Hypothesis C. Loring Brace & Milford Wolpoff (University of Michigan) 1960s & early 1970s All anatomical differences between hominin species is Intraspecific variation, not Interspecific variation. Only one species of hominin can exist at any one time.

40. Too much variation to justify single species

41. Wolpoff (1964) H. habilis is indistinct from A. africanus H. habilis diagnostic features insignificant … –Bed I = A. africanus –Bed II = early H. erectus H. habilis direct ancestor to H. sapiens -- descended from A. africanus. H. erectus a dead end. Robinson (1965) Leakey (1966) H. habilis H. erectus H. sapiens A. africanus