2. Unit 4 Notes: War of 1812- Jacksonian Democracy Chevalier Fall 2014

3. War of 1812 Causes: –Free seas and trade British practice of impressment –Frontier pressures Shawnee twin brothers Tecumseh and prophet Unite tribes west of the Mississippi British financial and military assistance Declaration of War (June 1812)

4. Presidential Election of 1812

5. “War Hawks” – Wanted War with Britain Henry Clay [KY] John C. Calhoun [SC]

6. Opposition to the War “Mr. Madison’s War” –New England merchants Making money after repeal of Embargo Act –Federalist politicians Matter of principle; increasing Republican voting strength –Old Republicans Violated the classical Republican principle of limited federal power and maintenance of peace

7. Political Cartoon of the Period

8. PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT Defend our neutrality Freedom of the seas Defend our self interest President James Madison Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the US. Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy of keeping the US out of war and neutral?

9. Map war1812 US unprepared for war. Failed invasion into Canada. Blockade hurt US economy…

10. Naval Battles The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war –After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812 – USS Constitution or “Old Ironsides”

11. The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813 US military victory led by General William H. Harrison –Tecumseh was killed during this battle

12. Chesapeake Campaign Spring 1814-Napoleon defeated –We had started the war behind French protection. Reinforcement sent to Canada. –Washington burned –Baltimore and Fort McHenry

13. Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it.

14. U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13 th, 1814 highlights

15. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

16. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

17. 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war. 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

18. Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time Defeated British’s best without help from any country Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle. Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S. Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time Defeated British’s best without help from any country Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle. Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S.

19. The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Csar Alexander I of Russia calls for the treaty in 1812. John Q. Adams sent to negotiate Peace commissioners in Ghent (Belgium) devised the following terms of peace – A halt to the fighting – The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders – Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States Treaty was ratified by the Senate Treaty was ratified two weeks before the battle of New Orleans War of 1812 ends in a draw – not much changed American Slogan in 1812, “On to Canada” American Slogan in 1814, “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost”

20. Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems : U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

21. Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform: Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress 3/5/pres. Term/two successive pres. From 1 state 2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could be admitted and war could be declared.

22. VA Dynasty George Washington (1789-1797) John Adams (1797-1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) James Madison (1809-1817) James Monroe (1817-1825)

23. The War’s Legacy-The Second War for Independence U.S. gained the respect of other nations U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a part of the British Empire The Federalist party came to an end as a national force (folly of sectionalism shown) Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe

24. The War’s Legacy Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west. More U.S. factories were built/blockade helped! War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually become Presidents. Growth of American nationalism Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of Good Feelings”

25. The Election of 1816

26. HSpirit of Nationalism in US  patriotism or national oneness  Country is united, confident, and growing  1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13. H One political party---Republican party H Respect from Europe H Monroe first president to visit all states. H Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.  But, time period was not free of problems. american system

27. Cultural Nationalism –Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism Economic Nationalism AMERICAN SYSTEM –Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM Political Nationalism –Movement to bring about the support for national government over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

28. Chief Justice John Marshall Marbury v. Madison (1803) –Judicial Review is established; federal law determined unconstitutional McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) –Implied power to create the bank The power to create implies the power to preserve –Power to tax is the power to destroy Cohens v. Virginia (1821) –Even though Maryland wins the case, it is a loss for all states, allowing the SC to review a state’s SC ruling involving any of the powers of the federal government Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) –Control of interstate commerce would go to the federal government Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) –Sanctity of contracts (NH wanted to change the charter of the school to a public institution Fletcher v. Peck (1810) –State laws could be invalidated –GA passed a law invalidating a contract (supremacy Clause)

29. HCongress’s attempt to unite the US National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. american system Henry Clay’s American System HProtective Tariff to promote infant industry Tariff of 1816 (first of its kind) H2nd Bank of US to promote a stronger economy Re-chartered in 1816

30. National Transportation system –Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to unite the US –the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811. –1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation –1850 to 1860 the railroad is added The Land Act of 1820 –gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; –the West demanded transportation.

31. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18) –Treaty with Great Britain (1818) Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years Shared fishing rights off Newfoundland the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel –US agreed to cede land above 49 th parallel –GB agreed to cede land below 49 th parallel Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18) –Treaty with Great Britain (1818) Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years Shared fishing rights off Newfoundland the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel –US agreed to cede land above 49 th parallel –GB agreed to cede land below 49 th parallel

32. Florida Becomes Part of US –After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty governing Florida –Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border Florida Becomes Part of US –After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty governing Florida –Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders –Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs –Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders –Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs –Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

33. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) AKA the Florida Purchase Treaty –Spain turned over western Florida along with all to the east Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S. –US agreed to pay $5 million to Spain to give up any territorial claims to Texas Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) AKA the Florida Purchase Treaty –Spain turned over western Florida along with all to the east Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S. –US agreed to pay $5 million to Spain to give up any territorial claims to Texas

34. Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain 49 th Parallel Texas

35. In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood –Threatened balance of power in Congress 11 free states 11 slave states –The Tallmadge amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. Passed by the House, not in the Senate (south hate) The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate. In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood –Threatened balance of power in Congress 11 free states 11 slave states –The Tallmadge amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. Passed by the House, not in the Senate (south hate) The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

36. –Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state –Maine was to be admitted as a free state –In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36  30', slavery was prohibited –Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state –Maine was to be admitted as a free state –In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36  30', slavery was prohibited After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise

37. The Election of 1820

38. A Firebell in the Night! The Compromise of 1820: A Firebell in the Night!

39. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, Monroe Doctrine. Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, Monroe Doctrine. Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. monroe doctrine Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western Hemisphere. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off." Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western Hemisphere. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

40. Adams advised, "It would be more candid... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war." Monroe accepted Adams's advice. Adams advised, "It would be more candid... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war." Monroe accepted Adams's advice. monroe doctrine Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. "... the American continents," He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power." Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. "... the American continents," He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

41. Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine. It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist policies. Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine. It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist policies. Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere No European Colonization in the Americas US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere No European Colonization in the Americas US will stay out of European affairs Monroe Doctrine US recognized existing European Colonies

42. You are the President and his advisors: What would you do in the following situation using the Monroe Doctrine as your guideline….. Great Britain is in the process of sending troops to settle a border dispute between Argentina and Chile. Great Britain has had some and continual influence in both of these countries helping them financially. The British Government’s position is to act as the mediator or peace keeper in this situation. How would you respond to this situation now that the Monroe Doctrine is US policy?

43. You are the President and his advisors: What would you do in the following situation using the Monroe Doctrine as your guideline….. Russia has loaned Argentina several billions of dollars to upgrade their nuclear technology…Argentina has defaulted (not paid) on repayment of the loans to Russia for 2 years……Russia has warned Argentina to begin repaying the loans or suffer economic sanctions (cutting off their trade with other countries) and lastly, a military invasion. Russia has also warned the U.S. to stay out of this situation since it does not concern them.Russia has loaned Argentina several billions of dollars to upgrade their nuclear technology…Argentina has defaulted (not paid) on repayment of the loans to Russia for 2 years……Russia has warned Argentina to begin repaying the loans or suffer economic sanctions (cutting off their trade with other countries) and lastly, a military invasion. Russia has also warned the U.S. to stay out of this situation since it does not concern them. How would you respond to this situation now that the Monroe Doctrine is US policy? Monroe doctrine1

44. Economy Leader __________ Role of Government Economy Leader __________ Role of Government NORTHEAST Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________ Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs Backed internal improvementsBacked internal improvements Wanted end to cheap public landWanted end to cheap public land Increasingly nationalisticIncreasingly nationalistic Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.

45. Economy Leader __________ Role of Government SOUTH Cotton growingCotton growing John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun_____________ Opposed tariffs and government spending on American SystemOpposed tariffs and government spending on American System Increasingly supportive of states’ rightsIncreasingly supportive of states’ rights Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

46. WEST Frontier agricultureFrontier agriculture Henry ClayHenry Clay_____________ Supported internal improvementsSupported internal improvements Wanted cheap landWanted cheap land Loyal to the U.S. Govt.Loyal to the U.S. Govt. Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issueAgainst slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue Economy Leader __________ Role of Government

48. The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain”

49. The Corrupt Bargain Henry ClayJohn Q. Adams AdamsPresidentHenry Clay gives his support to John Q. Adams and the House of Representatives chooses Adams as the President. AdamsHenry Clay Secretary of StateTwo weeks later, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State…. Corrupt Bargain.Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Bargain.” Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency in 1828 and would smash Adams. corrupt

50. The Corrupt Bargain Suspicions of a “corrupt bargain” have been strengthened by entries in the diary of John Q. Adams. On January 1, 1825, after a public dinner, he wrote, “He (Clay) told me (in a whisper) that he should be glad to have with me soon some confidential conversation upon public affairs. I said I should be happy to have it whenever it might suit his convenience.” In the diary entry for January 9, reads in part, “Mr. Clay came at six and spent the evening with me in a long conversation explanatory of the past and prospective of the future.” Exactly a month later, with Clay’s backing, Adams was elected. This happened because Clay was Speaker of the House…..They also hated Andrew Jackson…... corrupt1

51. The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain” CandidatePopular Vote Electoral Vote Andrew Jackson43%99 J.Q. Adams31%84 William Crawford 13%41 Henry Clay13%37

52. AFTER ELECTION OF 1824 JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Political world changed during the New Democracy. Two new political parties emerge New parties NATIONAL REPUBLICANS 1.Adams, Clay and Webster 2.strong national govt. 3.Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery. 4.Best/privileged run the govt. DEMOCRATS 1.Jackson and Calhoun 2.Believed in state’s rights and federal restraint in economic and social affairs. 3.Favored the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. 4.Protected the common man.

53. Jackson and J. Q. Adams ran against each other for the presidency One anti-Jackson newspaper declared, “General Jackson’s mother was a common prostitute, brought to this country by the British soldiers! She, afterwards married a mulatto man with whom she had several children, of which one was Andrew Jackson.” Anti-Adams people accused him of hiring a servant girl a visiting Russian ambassador… Adams was accused of gambling in the White House. Anti-Adams people accused him of hiring a servant girl a visiting Russian ambassador… Adams was accused of gambling in the White House. One of the worst elections in US History for its “mudslinging.” As a result of this, Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he became President…He blamed Adams and Clay and never forgave them….. One of the worst elections in US History for its “mudslinging.” As a result of this, Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he became President…He blamed Adams and Clay and never forgave them….. Election of 1828

54. The Election of 1828 Why such a difference between the election of 1824 and 1828? Population shifts to Western States and South which gives the Common Man more political power More men voting in 1828----why? Property restrictions and education dropped. Jackson appealed to common man because he was one. Why such a difference between the election of 1824 and 1828? Population shifts to Western States and South which gives the Common Man more political power More men voting in 1828----why? Property restrictions and education dropped. Jackson appealed to common man because he was one. 261 total electoral votes and 131 electoral votes to win……

55. Inaugural Jackson’s Inaugural was a victory for the Common Man Thousands of commoners came to Washington, D.C. to see Jackson inaugurated……

56. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

57. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY People should be governed as little possible JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be done by the common man. “Government by the majority of people; instead of a government governed by the upper class was introduced during Jackson’s Presidency. New Democracy Property ownership/education not needed to vote Growth of political power of the working class Increased number of elected officials Land easy to get out West. Ideas of the DOI become important and people saw inequalities in society.

58. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 1.New intellectual and religious movements. 2.Social reforms. 3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4.Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5.Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. 6.Increase in American nationalism. 7.Further westward expansion. 1.New intellectual and religious movements. 2.Social reforms. 3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4.Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5.Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. 6.Increase in American nationalism. 7.Further westward expansion.

59. “Manifest Destiny”  First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.  ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."  A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

60. The Pony Express  Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.  Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.  Took 10 days.  Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.  Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.  Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.  Took 10 days.  Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

61. Indian Removal  Jackson’s Goal?  Expansion into the southwest for southern planters  1830: Indian Removal Act  5 Civilized Tribes: (forced removal)  CherokeeCreekChoctaw  ChickasawSeminole  Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)  “domestic dependent nation”  Worcester v. GA (1832) sovereign  Cherokee law is sovereign and Georgia law does not apply in Cherokee nation.  Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

63. Indian Removal

64. Trail of Tears (1838- 1839)

65. we have preaching or prayer meeting every night while on the march, and you may well imagine that under the peculiar circumstances of the case, among those sublime mountains and in the deep forest with the thunder often roaring in the distance, that nothing could be more solemn and impressive. And I always looked on with awe, lest their prayers which I felt... ascending to Heaven and calling for justice to Him who alone can & will grant it... [might] fall upon my guilty head as one of the instruments of oppression. Lt. L.B. Webster trail 1 We were eight days in making the journey (80 miles), and it was pitiful to behold the women & children who suffered exceedingly as they were all obliged to walk, with the exception of the sick.... I had three regular ministers of the gospel in my party, and

66. Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad when they leave old nation. Women cry and make sad wails. Children cry and many men cry, and all look sad like when friends die, but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people die very much. We bury close by Trail. Survivor of the Trail of Tears trail 2

67. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

68. Biddle v Jackson Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned. Considered it unconstitutional regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch vs. Maryland Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt. Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

69. The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing Uncle Sam’s barn of bank and clay rats In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a majority in Congress to pass a bank recharter bill Jackson vetoed this bill In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a majority in Congress to pass a bank recharter bill Jackson vetoed this bill Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional

70. The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto. Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is standing on it… King Andrew

71. Tariff of 1828 The constitutional doctrine of implied powers was used to justify higher protective tariffs Tariff of 1828 The constitutional doctrine of implied powers was used to justify higher protective tariffs Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar….Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar…. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar….Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar…. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

72. John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828 Tariff of AbominationTariff of Abomination Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights.Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights. Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered. (The South Carolina Exposition)Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered. (The South Carolina Exposition) Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and voidCalhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void South Carolina Exposition---Compact theorySouth Carolina Exposition---Compact theory

73. Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take military action in SC Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take military action in SC Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

74. The Nullification Crisis Compromise of 1833 –Henry Clay proposes a compromise –Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years –South Carolina dropped nullification –South lost its dominance to North and West –Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority –As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon. Compromise of 1833 –Henry Clay proposes a compromise –Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years –South Carolina dropped nullification –South lost its dominance to North and West –Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority –As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

75. An overwhelming majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto ¾Jackson won reelection with more than ¾ of the electoral vote An overwhelming majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto ¾Jackson won reelection with more than ¾ of the electoral vote The 1832 Election

76. 1832 Election Results

77. 1832 Election Two “firsts”- –National Nominating Conventions –Formal, published party platform statements

78. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!  “pet banks” or wildcat banks  1832: Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States.  1836: the charter expired.  1841: the bank went bankrupt!

79. Results of the Specie Circular $Banknotes lose their value. $Land sales plummeted. $Credit not available. $Businesses began to fail. $Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837! The Panic of 1837!

80. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

81. Accomplishments –Enlarged the power of the presidency “The President is the direct representative of the American people” Only responsible to the people, not Congress –Converted the veto into an effective presidential power The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress –Political parties seen as a positive good Accomplishments –Enlarged the power of the presidency “The President is the direct representative of the American people” Only responsible to the people, not Congress –Converted the veto into an effective presidential power The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress –Political parties seen as a positive good

82. Failures –Growing social stratification Gap between rich and poor visibly widened –Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843 Failures –Growing social stratification Gap between rich and poor visibly widened –Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

83. Jackson’s Top Ten 10. Andrew Jackson was the first President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains. 9. Andrew Jackson was the first Tennessean to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. 8. Andrew Jackson was the first territorial Governor of Florida. 7. Andrew Jackson was the first person to serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and President. 6. Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power 12 times as President, more than all of his predecessors combined.

84. Jackson’s Top Ten 5. Andrew Jackson was the first President to articulate that as President he represented all the people and the will of the majority must govern. 4. Andrew Jackson helped found and was the first U.S. President to represent the Democratic Party. 3. Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The censure (official criticism) was cancelled in the last year of his presidency.

85. Jackson’s Top Ten 2. The first assassination attempt on a sitting U.S. President occurred on January 30, 1835, when Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson. 1. Andrew Jackson was the only President in American History to pay off the national debt and leave office with the country in the black.

86. Van Buren Divorce Bill (independent treasury) “Gone to Texas”-GTT –Crockett –Bowie Genuine Arkansas toothpick –Houston (Big Drunk) –Austin –Santa Anna

87. Log Cabins and Hard Cider Old Tippecanoe, and Tyler too No party platform FFV First election with two differing economic visions Two Party system implemented,populist democracy introduced

88. Unit #4 Quiz #2 – Period 3 What was the “Second Great Awakening”? Who was Joseph Smith? Who wrote “Last of the Mohicans” (considered one of the first great American Novels)? What was the name of the movement that said, “Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him or her in direct touch with God, or the “Oversoul”? Who won the Presidential Election of 1836?

89. Unit #4 Quiz #2 – Period 5 What was the “Second Great Awakening”? Who was Brigham Young? Who wrote “The Legend of Sleepy Hallow” (considered one of the first great American Novels)? Unflinching feminists met at ______, ______ in a memorable Woman’s Rights Convention (1848). The defiant Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a “Declaration of Sentiments,” which in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence declared that “all men and women are created equal.” Who won the Presidential Election of 1836?

90. Chapter 13 I. Intro. –Slavery and Economic turmoil shattered the ‘era of good feelings’ (MO. Comp and Panic of 1819) II. Corrupt Bargain-1824 (12 th amend) –Clay, Jackson, Crawford, JQA III. Q.A. as President IV. Election of 1828-Personalities V. Jackson Background

91. Chapter 13 VI. Jackson as President –A. Spoils System –B. Bank War 1. Unconst’l, $, Tyrannical, Pres., Private, foreclosed 2.1832 Election (Clay) Anti-Masonic Party 3. Veto. Why? What does it represent? –C. Tariff of 1828, 1832, 1833 1.Discriminated against? 2.Nullification Crisis-SC Exposition, Force Bill

92. Chapter 13 D. Treatment of Natives 1830 Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia 1832 VII. Whigs vs. Democrats 1836 –Van Buren vs. 3 Whigs-hated Jackson –Van Buren as President Panic of 1837 –Wheat failures, bank problem, speculation, int’l financial problems Texas

93. Chapter 13 Dems Glorified the Individual Against privilege Amend 10 Fed. Restraints in econ and social affairs Whigs Valued community Against self interest Pro bank, tariff, internal improvement Moral reform Catch all parties

94. Chapter 14 I. Intro. –Cities, immigration, westward expansion II. Westward Movement –Frontier life, rugged individualism III. Shaping the Western landscape –Ecological imperialism-Beaver, Bison, Farming –George Caitlin- Sioux indians- Yellowstone 1872

95. Chapter 14 IV. Immigration –#’s, characteristics, reasons, results (SPRITE) –Irish, German examples-”NINA” V. “Nativism”- Anti-foreignism –Why? Why not more violence? Irony? –Know nothing party formed (secretiveness) –American party-”Order of the Star Spangled Banner”

96. Chapter 14 VI. Mechanization –Sam Slater, Eli Whitney, effects, England –Irony of Whitney (x2) –New England was Industrial (why) why not south? VII. Marvels in Manufacturing –Interchangeable parts, LLC, Sam Morse, Elias Howe, Robert Fulton, Cyrus McCormack, J. Deere –Effects of Factory system- pos and neg.

97. Chapter 14 VIII. Women and the Economy –Textile workers, single, children –Cult of Domesticity, changes in the home (love!) Fertility rate down, domestic feminism –Harriet Beecher Stow treatment of daughter- NO HW! – discipline –Small affectionate, child-centered, independent

98. Chapter 14 IX. America’s Highways –Steamboats bound N to S –Canals, railroads and turnpikes bound E to W