1. Models of the City: Urban Morphology
AP Human Geography

2. Functional Zonation
The internal division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions) “zoning laws”
This is not random; cities are spatially organized to performs their functions as places of commerce, entertainment, production or education

3. USA vs Europe Zoning USA Little federal, state role; mainly local gov.
Common categories:
Residential (houses, apartments, condos)
Commercial (office space, retail shops, restaurants)
Industrial (manufacturing)
Agricultural (farms)
Very little “mixed use”
Single family and Residential usually gets priority

4. USA vs Europe Zoning Europe Federal (or national) government regulates
Localities must get approval from feds.
Wide variety of categories:
Small scale residential, village type, mixed-use, town center
No preference for single family residential
Mixed use the norm, not the exception

5. Urban Planning
Mixed Use (Europe)
Single Use (USA)

6. Evolution of American Cities
1. Wagon-Sail=1790s-1830s
2. Iron-Horse=
3. Steel-Rail=
4. Auto-Air= s
5. Computer-Internet=1980s-until? (“new” urbanization and gentrification; ex: West Broad Village)

7. New Urbanism?
West Broad Village
Bedford Falls, Wake County

8. Concentric Zone Model
Ernest Burgess (1920s) describes this model as “dynamic”; as the city grows inner zones encroach on outer ones

9. Concentric Zones
Zone 1: CBD (central business district). Few residences; high property cost
Zone 2: Transition- light industry; poorer housing
Zone 3: Working class homes; older neighborhoods; smaller lots
Zone 4: middle class; larger homes and apartment residences
Zone 5: Commuter suburbs; small villages/towns/”edge city”

10. Hoyt’s Sector Model
Homer Hoyt (1930s) focused on residential patterns; the pie-shaped pieces describe the uses of the different sectors; can be based on environment or chance. Formerly wealthy areas “filter down” to middle and then lower classes

11. Sector Model

12. Multiple Nuclei Model
Harris and Ullman (1940s) argued that CBD is losing dominant position to multiple suburban CBDs. Multiple “nodes” have special “functions”; like ports, universities, airports, residence levels. Clusters expand as city grows.

13. Urban Realms Model
Urban Realms (1970s)- Cars transform the city; weakening the CBD and created new suburban downtowns; eventually evolving into Edge Cities.

14. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford)Model
CBD has traditional “market” and newer “high rise” areas. Spine is a corridor and affluent extension of the wealthy CBD. The “mall” is an elite commercial region for the affluent area around it. Disamenity are the slums (barrios and favelas); surrounding all is the ring-highway called periferico.

15. The African City
Very influenced by European colonialism. Very hard to generalize African cities; patterns are hard to discern. However, many are surrounded by poor squatter settlements.

16. South East Asian (McGee) Model
McGee Model (1967) – focal point on old colonial port zone; alien zones are usually made up of Chinese or Indian ethnicities.