1. THE COLD WAR BEGINS

2. THE COLD WAR vs. United States Soviet Union Democracy Communism
The era of confrontation and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union when the threat of nuclear war created constant world tension
United States
Soviet Union
vs.
Democracy
Communism

3. Differing Philosophies
Believed in democratic forms of government
Believed economic stability would keep peace in the word
Believed the free enterprise system was necessary for economic growth
Believed in a communistic forms of government
Believed in workers revolting (striking) against business owners and taking control of government
Wanted to control countries between Russia and Germany

4. Soviet troops move into Germany near the end of World War II
Soviets take over Eastern Europe
Soviet troops move into Germany near the end of World War II
As World War II ended, the Soviet army occupied the countries of Eastern Europe that Germany had conquered during the war

5. The Iron Curtain
Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Bulgaria and East Germany became satellite nations of Soviet Union
“An iron curtain has descended across the Continent”
– Prime Minister Winston Churchill

6. Peep under the Iron curtain March 6, 1946
Who is “Joe”?
What part of Europe is sealed off?
What does the wall symbolize?

7. Letter from U. S. diplomat George Kennan that led to the U. S
Letter from U.S. diplomat George Kennan that led to the U.S. policy of containment of communism.
Communist thought as it existed in 1916 may perhaps be summarized as follows:
that the central factor in the life of man is that system by which material goods are produced and exchanged;
that the capitalist system of production is a nefarious one which inevitably leads to the exploitation of the working class by the capital-owning class and is incapable of developing adequately the economic resources of society or of distributing fairly the material goods produced by human labor;
that capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction and must, in view of the inability of the capital-owning class to adjust itself to economic change, result eventually and inescapably in a revolutionary transfer of power to the working class; and
that imperialism, the final phase of capitalism, leads directly to war and revolution.

8. Russians wanted to spread communism world-wide
Kennan said the Russians were concerned about invasions from the west and wanted a buffer zone
Russians wanted to spread communism world-wide
“[I]t is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”
U.S. should use diplomatic, economic and military actions to keep communism contained

9. Marshall Plan
U.S. plan for rebuilding Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II
Plan pumped billions of dollars into Western Europe for food and supplies
Plan made U.S. heroes to people of Western Europe
George C. Marshall

10. Marshall Plan aids Western Europe
The Marshall Plan proved to be a great success
Within 4 years, countries receiving aid saw a 41% higher industrial production than on the eve of World War II
Countries were stabilized and exports were rising rapidly
Countries receiving aid under Marshall Plan

11. Eastern European countries were offered to take part in the Marshall Plan…
What is this cartoon trying to say?
… but Stalin and other East European leaders refused financial help from the United States

12. Aid for Europe
Secretary of State George Marshall toured Western Europe; witnessed widespread homelessness and famine.
Fearing Europeans would turn to communism as an answer to their economic problems, Marshall proposed the U.S. help to rebuild Europe, leading to…
Children in a London suburb, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home

13. Truman Doctrine
U.S. foreign policy established by President Truman saying the U.S. would protect democracies throughout the world
“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures”
-- Harry Truman

14. Truman v. Zhdanov
Read through the arguments provided, both are intended to advocate for their own type of governmental system.
Leader
Description of West
Description of East
Truman
Zhdanov
150 words – Which leader makes the best argument? Use text evidence to support your response.

15. American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey
It pledged that the United States would fight Communism worldwide
Truman Doctrine was an extension to the U.S. foreign policy set forth in the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey

16. The Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Allied leaders during World War II to decide what to do with Germany

17. Germany Divided
British
After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.
Soviet
French
Occupation zones after Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.
American

18. East and West Germany formed East Berlin West Berlin
East Germany
West Germany
In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

19. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall
In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

20. At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily
Berlin Airlift
President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin
At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily

21. Berlin Airlift
The airlift continued for 11 months before Stalin finally lifted the blockade
The Berlin Airlift saved the people of West Berlin from falling under Soviet Union control
Soviet blockade of West Germany convinced many Americans that the Soviets were trying to conquer other nations

22. Formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression
Birth of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression

23. The Warsaw Pact
Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Bulgaria and East Germany became satellite nations of Soviet Union
The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union’s response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

24. The Cold War Heats Up

25. Cold War spreads to Asia
Communists take over in China
Mao Zedong takes control of Chinese government from Chang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Party
Half the world now appeared to be under Communist control
China
Korea
The country of Korea became the next battleground in the Cold War

26. The Korean War The Cold War gets HOT
Following World War II, the Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel
Soviets controlled North Korea; U.S. sets up a democracy in South Korea
Both governments claimed to control all of Korea

27. If one country falls to communism, others around it will fall as well
The Korean War
A “Police Action” ( )
Kim Il-Sung
Leader of
North Korea
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
If one country falls to communism, others around it will fall as well
President of
South Korea

28. To Cross the 38th Parallel Not to Cross the 38th Parallel
The Korean War
On June 25, 1950, North Korea invades South Korea
UN forces under Macarthur come to the aid of South Korea
To Cross the 38th Parallel
Not to Cross the 38th Parallel

29. The Korean War The Cold War gets HOT
UN forces push North Koreans back to border of China

30. The Korean War China enters the war
North Koreans pushed back to border with China
Chinese enter war on the side of North Koreans
Macarthur calls for an invasion of China, wants to use the atomic bomb
Macarthur criticized Truman for wanting a “limited war”
An artillery officer directs UN troops as they drop white phosphorous on a Communist-held post in February 1951.

31. The Korean War War ends in a stalemate
An armistice was signed ending the war in July 1953
Korea was divided at the 38th parallel
Korean War marked an important turning point in the Cold War
U.S. began a major military build-up; began using military force to prevent spread of communism

32. Your Task…
In the form of a letter to the editor, Answer the essential question: Why and how was the Cold War fought? Also, offer your opinion on how President Truman handled the Cold War. Make specific reference to America’s foreign policy and the results of these decisions.

33. A New Red Scare
U.S. citizens in 1950s feared Communists wanted to take over the world. This fear was known as the Red Scare.
Spies like Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Alger Hiss caused fear that our government was infiltrated by the Communists

34. House Un-American Committee meeting in 1948
A New Red Scare
House Un-American Activities Committee
Committee set up to investigate Communist activities in the U.S.
HUAC searched for Soviet spies and Communist sympathizers.
“Are you now or have you ever been a Communist?”
House Un-American Committee meeting in 1948

35. The Hollywood Ten
People who were accused of being Communists were often “blacklisted”
A group of Hollywood actors who were blacklisted for refusing to answer HUAC questions became known as the “Hollywood Ten”
If someone was blacklisted, it meant they were denied work or ostracized from society
Movie stars Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart lead a protest during height of Hollywood Blacklist controversy

36. McCarthyism
In 1952, U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy began holding Senate hearings
Numerous Americans accused of having ties to the Communist Party
McCarthy turned the hearings into witch-hunts, destroying numerous people’s reputations on rumor and weak evidence

37. U-2 Incident
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ spy plane was shot down over Soviet airspace in 1960
Incident cools Soviet-U.S. relations

38. Russians launch Sputnik
The Russians have beaten America into space—they have the technological edge!

39. Russians launch Sputnik
Impact of Sputnik
Congress establishes the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) to conduct research in rocket and space technology
Congress also passed the National Defense Education Act, which provided money for education and training in science, math and foreign languages

40. The Space Race Begins
In 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin blasted off into space, making the Soviet Union the first nation to launch a human into orbit
Kennedy said he wanted U.S. to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s

41. The Space Race Begins
Kennedy’s challenge was met on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong became the first human to step foot on the moon
“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” – Neil Armstrong

42. Berlin Wall Built
Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of East Germany into West Berlin, where they could become free
Berlin Wall became the symbol of Communist oppression around the world

43. President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!
Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

44. Castro embraces Communism
(1959)
Cuban dictator Fidel Castro embraces Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev

45. Bay of Pigs Debacle
(1961)
CIA-trained Cuban exiles led an attack at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro
Invasion was a disaster and failed; was a huge foreign policy blunder for the United States

46. Cuban Missile Crisis
U.S. and Russia came extremely close to nuclear war when Russians place nuclear missiles in Cuba in November of 1962
In response to U.S. missiles in Turkey, the Russians began building missile bases in Cuba

47. Cuban Missile Crisis
United States places an embargo on incoming shipments to Cuba from the Soviet Union, U.S. goes to DEFCON-3
Soviet ships reach the quarantine line, but receive radio orders from Moscow to hold their positions

48. Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy threatens a U.S. invasion of Cuba unless Soviet missiles are removed; U.S. moves to DEFCON-2
The Russians agreed to take their missiles out of Cuba if the U.S. removed theirs from Turkey
President John F. Kennedy thinking in the Oval Office during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962

50. Vietnam War:

51. THE VIETNAM WAR

52. Key figures in the Vietnam War
Ho Chi Minh
William Westmoreland
Lyndon B. Johnson
American commander in South Vietnam who told people in the media that the United States was close to winning the war, even though it wasn’t
President of North Vietnam who led the efforts to defeat South Vietnam and support of the South Vietnamese Vietcong
President of the United States who was president during much of Vietnam War; greatly escalated the U.S. soldier involvement in the conflict

53. Key figures in the Vietnam War
Robert McNamara
Richard Nixon
Ngo Dinh Diem
U.S. Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam War who made the American republic feel like we were winning the war
President of the United States during the latter part of the Vietnam War
President of South Vietnam who whose corruption and harsh standards led numerous people to turn to the Vietcong

54. Vietnam in the ’50s
Following World War II, the French controlled southeast Asia (known as Indochina)
Ho Chi Minh led a revolt against the French to gain independence for Vietnam
By 1954, the French fell to the Vietminh and they withdrew from Indochina, leaving Vietnam a divided country
Southeast Asia (aka: French Indochina)

55. Domino Theory
The Domino Theory was the belief that if one country fell to communism, the other Southeast Asian nations would eventually fall to communism as well

56. This map from an American magazine published 14th November 1950 shows how much they feared the spread of Communism in the Far East.

57. South Vietnam problems
The people of South Vietnam hated South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem. He was corrupt and did not govern in the best interest of the citizens.
Diem was disliked because he discriminated against the Buddhist population
Some Buddhist monks protested Diem’s rule by setting themselves on fire
A Buddhist monk commits suicide in protest to the harsh policies of the S. Vietnamese government

58. Gulf of Tonkin Incident
In August of 1964, Pres. Johnson announced that North Vietnam ships had fired on two American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
USS Maddox
Johnson insisted that the North Vietnamese attack was unprovoked and responded by ordering American airplanes to attack North Vietnam

59. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
After accusing N. Vietnam of attacking the U.S., Johnson asked Congress to give him the authorization to use force to defend American forces
When, in August of 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Congress handed over war powers to the president
The President had the power to send U.S. troops into battle without a declaration of war

60. Operation Rolling Thunder
The U.S. bombing campaign conducted against the North Vietnam from 1965 until 1968
The three-year assault was intended to get North Vietnam to stop supporting South Vietnamese guerrillas
Operation became most intense air/ground battle waged during the Cold War

61. Vietcong
Guerrilla army based in South Vietnam (also known as the NLF) that fought the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War
The Vietcong were South Vietnamese communists
who fought for Vietnamese unification on the side of the North Vietnamese

62. Vietcong Advantages
They were familiar with the landscape (rivers, lakes, etc.)
They could find a safe haven in Cambodia, Laos or South Vietnam
They could often count on the support of the local population

63. Red line indicates Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia
Path that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia system providing manpower and materiel to the Vietcong
Red line indicates Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia
A look at the Ho Chi Minh Trail from road level, with camouflaged convoy truck approaching.

64. Tet Offensive January 30 – June 8, 1968
In early 1968, the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese launched a surprise attack throughout South Vietnam during the Tet, which is the Vietnamese New Year

65. Tet Offensive
While the Vietcong suffered heavy losses, it was a major political victory for the Vietcong
Tet was the turning point in the war and showed that the U.S. was nowhere close to winning the war
The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a surprise attack by the Vietcong throughout South Vietnam

66. Credibility Gap
Opposition to the Vietnam War grew in the United States in the late 1960s
Many Americans were suspicious of the government’s truthfulness about the war
William Westmoreland
Robert McNamara
Many Americans believed a credibility gap had developed (people lost trust in what the government was telling them)

67. Most of the victims were old men, women and children
My Lai Massacre
March 16th, 1968
An American platoon had massacred more than 200 South Vietnamese civilians who they thought were members of the Vietcong in a village called My Lai
Most of the victims were old men, women and children
The My Lai massacre increased feelings among many Americans that the war was brutal and senseless

68. Johnson refuses to run for re-election
Election of 1968
Johnson refuses to run for re-election
After Johnson refused to run for re-election and Bobby Kennedy was assassinated, the Democrats ended up choosing LBJ’s vice-president, Hubert Humphrey, as their presidential candidate
Republicans nominate former vice-president Richard Nixon, who lost to JFK in 1960
"I shall not seek, and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President." March 31, 1968

69. Nixon becomes president!
Election of 1968
Nixon becomes president!

70. Draft Lottery Begins
Many Americans who were against the war believed the United States had an unfair draft system
Minorities made up a large percentage of people drafted and most soldiers were under 21 years old

71. Kent State Massacre May 4, 1970
In April of 1970, President Nixon announced that American troops had invaded Cambodia
Anti-war protestors saw this as an escalation of the war, sparking violent protests on college campuses
At Kent State University in Ohio, protestors became violent. The Ohio National Guard was called in and fired upon the student demonstrators, killing four students

74. 26th Amendment ratified
Anger over the draft led to debates about the voting age. Demonstrators help public rallies and marches.
The average age of a American soldier in Vietnam was 19. Because you had to be 21 to vote, many people called for changes in voting laws, saying that if you’re old enough to fight in war, you should be old enough to vote.
President Nixon signs the 26th Amendment guaranteeing the right to vote for people over 18.
In 1971, the 26th Amendment was ratified, lowered the legal voting age from 21 to 18

75. Vietnamization
Vietnamization called for a gradual withdrawal of American troops as South Vietnamese took more control
Even though the U.S. had begun cutting back its involvement in the Vietnam War, the American home front remained divided and volatile as Nixon’s war policies stirred up new waves of protest

76. By 1975, the United States withdraws all of its people from Vietnam
U.S. pulls out of Vietnam
In January of 1973, North and South Vietnamese reach a cease-fire agreement;
By 1975, the United States withdraws all of its people from Vietnam
In late1975, North Vietnam violated the ceasefire and captured the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon. The war was over and the communists had won

77. War Powers Act (1973)
Law was an attempt to set limits on the power of the president during wartime
Required the president to inform Congress of any commitment of troops with 48 hours

78. The Pentagon Papers
In 1971, a former Defense Department worker leaked what were known as the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times
The documents showed how various administrations deceived Congress, the media, and the public about how the war was going
The government had not been honest with the American people