1. THE COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

2. Review
Using the example of Kool-Aid and water, identify the solute and solvent.
T/F Water is polar. This means it has an uneven distribution of electrons.
In water, acids release excess _______ ions. In water, bases release excess _______ ions.
BONUS
Draw a pH scale from zero to 14. Label neutral, acid, and base.

4. Spider Silk: Stronger than Steel
The spider and the web consists of simple organic compounds

5. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Monomers and Polymers
Complex chains of organic molecules are made from small units of organic molecules
Monomers = one unit
Polymers = two or more connected units
Example
One lego block
10 connected lego blocks
The process is called polymerization

6. Carbon – the MOST IMPORTANT atom or organic compounds
WHY?
A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds
Can stably bind with other carbon atoms
Able to form single, double, or triple bonds
Structural formula
Ball-and-stick model
Space-filling model
Methane

7. Carbon skeletons vary in many ways
Ethane
Propane
Carbon skeletons vary in length.
Butane
Isobutane
Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.
1-Butene
2-Butene
Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location.
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Skeletons may be arranged in rings.
Figure 3.1, bottom part

8. 4 MAJOR GROUPS OF MOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

9. Carbohydrates

10. Carbohydrates are sugars
Basic Name – saccharides
MONOMER - Monosaccharide
POLYMER - Polysaccharides are long polymers of sugars
Examples
Bread, candy, sugars

11. These molecules typically have a formula that is a multiple of CH2O
Carbohydrates
These molecules typically have a formula that is a multiple of CH2O
FUNCTION - carbohydrates provide energy for an organism
Figure 3.4A

12. Notice what is the monomer for these examples
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use
Notice what is the monomer for these examples
Starch granules in potato tuber cells
Glucose monomer
STARCH
Glycogen granules in muscle tissue
GLYCOGEN
Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall
CELLULOSE
Cellulose molecules
Figure 3.7

13. LIPIDS

14. These compounds are composed largely of C and H
Lipids
These compounds are composed largely of C and H
They are non polar.
It does not mix with water
Figure 3.8A

15. A lipid molecule = one glycerol + three fatty acids
FUNCTION - Lipids main function is energy storage. Lipids also form biological membranes in cells
A lipid molecule = one glycerol + three fatty acids
Fatty acid
Figure 3.8B

16. The fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant oils) contain double bonds
They are liquid at room temperature
Saturated fats (lard) have only single bonds
They are solid at room temperature
Figure 3.8C

18. Hair is composed of structural proteins
Proteins FUNCTION:
cellular structure
movement
defense
transport
communication
Hair is composed of structural proteins
Enzymes are a type of protein that regulate chemical reactions

19. Proteins
MONOMER – amino acid. There are only 20 amino acids
POLYMER – protein.

20. Nucleic Acids

21. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins
They ultimately control the life of a cell
Contain C, H, O, N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorous)

22. MONOMER - nucleotides
Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base (A)
Phosphate group
Figure 3.20A
Sugar

23. The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Figure 3.20B

24. FUNCTION – To store genetic information in DNA or RNA
The sequence of the nucleotides determine what is made
Base pair
Nitrogenous base (A)
Figure 3.20C

25. Review
What makes carbon special?
What are monomers? What are polymers? Can you give an example for each organic compound?
What are the four organic compounds?
Name a function for each?

26. Classwork Work on handout We will go over it Concept map
Handout on 2-3
We will go over it

27. Homework SA 2-3 page 48 #1-5 Finish this chart Carbo… Lipid Protein
Nuc. Acid
Purpose
Monomer
Polymer