1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-1 Sexually Transmitted Infections Chapter 14 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-2 Sexually Transmitted Infections Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Communicated through sexual contact An epidemic

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-3 Bacterial Infections Chlamydia Caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium Transmission Sexual intercourse – vaginal or anal Oral sex During birth (continued)

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-4 Bacterial Infections Chlamydia (continued) Symptoms NGU Urethritis Discharge Burning/pain during urination (continued)

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-5 Bacterial Infections Chlamydia (continued) Symptoms (continued) 25% of men and 70% of women show no symptoms Diagnosis and treatment Cervical smear for women (continued)

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-6 Bacterial Infections Chlamydia (continued) Diagnosis and treatment (continued) Swab inserted through penile opening for men Antibiotics

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-7 Bacterial Infections Gonorrhea Caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium Transmission Unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sexual activity (continued)

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-8 Bacterial Infections Gonorrhea (continued) Transmission (continued) Mother to newborn Pharyngeal gonorrhea Ophthalmia neonatorum (continued)

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-9 Bacterial Infections Gonorrhea (continued) Symptoms Discharge Inflamed urethra, burning sensation while urinating Cervicitis  Inflammation of the cervix (continued)

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-10 Bacterial Infections Gonorrhea (continued) Symptoms (continued) Epididymitis  Inflammation of the epididymis Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)  Inflammation of the pelvic region (continued)

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-11 Bacterial Infections Gonorrhea (continued) Diagnosis and treatment Clinical inspection of the genitals by a physician Culturing and examination of the genital discharge Antibiotics

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-12 Bacterial Infections Syphilis Caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium Transmission Chancre  Sore or ulcer Congenital syphilis  Syphilis infection present at birth (continued)

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-13 Bacterial Infections Syphilis (continued) Symptoms and course of illness Primary stage Secondary stage Latent stage Tertiary stage (continued)

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-14 Bacterial Infections Syphilis (continued) Diagnosis and treatment Clinical examination VDRL Antibodies Penicillin is the treatment of choice

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-15 Other Bacterial Infections Chancroid Soft chancre Shigellosis Caused by the Shigella bacterium Granuloma inguinale Elephantiasis

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-16 Other Bacterial Infections Lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) Caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-17 Vaginal Infections Vaginitis Any type of vaginal infection or inflammation Bacterial vaginosis Usually caused by the Gardnerella vaginalis bacterium

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-18 Vaginal Infections Candidiasis Caused by yeast-like fungus Trichomoniasis Caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-19 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Destruction of the immune system (continued)

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-20 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) HIV Sexually transmitted virus Destroys white blood cells in the immune system Prevalence of HIV Prevalence of AIDS

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-21 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Immune system and AIDS Pathogens Micro-organisms that cause a disease Leukocytes White blood cells (continued)

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-22 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Immune system and AIDS (continued) Antigens Substances to which the body produces antibodies Antibodies Specialized proteins that respond to antigens Inactivate foreign bodies (continued)

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-23 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Immune system and AIDS (continued) Inflammation Dilation of blood vessels Flow of leukocytes

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-24 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Effects of HIV on the immune system Reverse transcriptase Progression of HIV/AIDS Symptomatic state Opportunistic diseases Take hold only when the immune system is weakened

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-25 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Transmission Contaminated bodily fluids Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk From mother to fetus during pregnancy From mother to baby during breast feeding

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-26 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Factors that affect the risk of sexual transmission Sexual contact Type of sexual activity Amount of virus in semen STI’s (continued)

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-27 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Factors that affect the risk of sexual transmission (continued) Circumcision Genetic factors

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-28 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Seropositive Having a pathogen or antibodies to that pathogen in the blood stream (continued)

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-29 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS (continued) Seronegative Lacking a pathogen or antibodies to that pathogen in the blood stream

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-30 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Treatment of HIV/AIDS Vaccines Drug therapy C-section versus vaginal delivery Protease inhibitors HAART

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-31 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS (continued) Prevention Efforts focus on education

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-32 Herpes Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Causes oral herpes Cold sores, fever blisters Can be transferred to the genitals

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-33 Herpes Genital herpes Painful, hallow sores and blisters on the genitals Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Causes genital herpes Can be transferred to the mouth

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-34 Herpes Transmission Oral, anal, vaginal sexual activity Ocular herpes Infection of the eye Prodromal symptoms Warning symptoms that signal a flare-up

35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-35 Herpes Symptoms Lesions or sores on genitals Diagnosis and treatment Clinical inspection Antiviral drugs Coping with genital herpes

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-36 Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Jaundice Yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes Diagnosed by testing blood samples for antigens and antibodies

37. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-37 Genital Warts Genital warts Caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) Warts that appear around the genitals and anus Also in the mouth, on the lips, eye lids, or nipples (continued)

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-38 Genital Warts Genital warts (continued) Cryotherapy is the preferred treatment

39. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-39 Ectoparasitic Infestations Ectoparasites Live on the outside of the host’s body Pediculosis Infestation by pubic lice Scabies Infestation caused by tiny mites

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-40 Prevention of STIs Knowledge of STI’s and AIDS Sources of help Reasons for engaging in risky sexual behaviour: Perceived low risk of infection Negative attitudes toward condom use Myth of personal invulnerability

41. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-41 Preventing STIs Consider abstinence or monogamy Be knowledgeable about the risks Remain sober and drug free Inspect yourself and your partner Use latex condoms Use barrier devices when practicing oral sex (continued)

42. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-42 Preventing STIs (continued) Avoid high-risk sexual behaviours Wash the genitals before and after sex Have regular medical checkups Engage in noncoital sexual activities Limit the number of partners Do not assume that you can always determine your partner’s sexual history

43. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada14-43 End of Chapter 14