1. Chapter Fifteen Sexually Transmitted Diseases Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002

2. The STD Epidemic  STDs are the most common reportable infectious disease in U.S.  Five Most common  Chlamydia  Gonorrhea  AIDS  Syphilis  Hepatitis B

3. Prevalence  U.S. Rates exceed every other industrialized nation  Causes (Eng & Butler, 1997)  Less Pragmatic  School Education  Access to Health Care

4. Disparities among groups  Women contract STDs more easily  Most new cases occur in people 15-24  2/3 15 –24  ¼ under 20  Higher rates among African American and Hispanic groups  People who are sexually active at early age

5. High Risk  Know partner less than 1 month  Nonexclusive partners  20% of women thought they had partners that were exclusive but weren’t  87% of Men who have sex with men also have female partners  2x as likely to have HIV  29% married

6. Behavioral Factors Contributing to Spread  Early initiation of sexual activity  Multiple sex partners  High-risk sex partners  High risk sexual behavior  Incorrect condom use  Substance abuse  Sexual coercion  Lack of understanding

7. Other Factors Contributing to Spread  Social factors  Poverty and marginalization  Access to health care  Secrecy and moral conflict about sexuality  Biological factors  A symptomatic nature of STDs  Resistance to treatment  Lack of cure

8. Biological Sexism  Women more likely than Men to acquire STD  Vagina = ideal environment for organisms  Long Term Effects  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease  Ectopic Pregnancy  Infertility  Cervical Cancer  Harm to Fetus

9. Principal STDs  Chlamydia  Gonorrhea  Urinary tract infections  Syphilis  Genital warts  Genital herpes  Hepatitis

10. Chlamydia  Characteristics of Bacteria and Virus  Many asymptomatic  Vaginal discharge  Burning during urination  Fever  Can cause infertility

11. Gonorrhea  Discharge  Pain during urination  Can lead to PID (and infertility)

12. Urinary Tract Infection  Burning and discharge  Often Chlamydia

13. Syphilis  Can cause death

14. Syphilis

15. Genital Warts & Herpes  Same Virus as Cold Sores  No Cure

16. Hepatitis  Viral Disease of the Liver  Types A, B, C  A through contaminated food or oral-anal sex  Usually curable w/in 6 weeks – usually no ling term effects  B is the most dangerous  Long Term Liver damage or Cancer  Very infectious (100 x more than HIV)  Through bodily fluids  Tattoos  Intravenous drugs  Vaccine exists  C is typically passed through handling blood

17. Vaginal Infections  Also referred to as vaginitis  Bacterial vaginosis  Candidiasis  Trichomoniasis

18. Other STDs  Chancroid  Cytomegalovirus  Enteric infections  Granuloma inguinale  Lymphogranuloma venereum  Molluscum contagiosum

19. Parasites  Scabies - mite Sarcoptes scabiei  Pubic lice - Phthirus pubis; commonly known as crabs

20.  Practice abstinence  Practice sexual exclusivity  Reduce risk during sexual activity  Select partners carefully  Avoid multiple partners  Avoid injecting drugs  Get vaccinated  Protect babies  Be a good communicator Avoiding STDS

21. Treating STDs  Recognize STD symptoms  Seek treatment  Get partners to treatment