1. Unit 1: American Beginnings
Chapter 1
Three Worlds Meet

2. THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES
COLONIZATION AND
THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES
PEOPLE MIGRATED TO NORTH AMERICA
EUROPEANS EXPLORED
SPAIN
ENGLAND
FRANCE
HOLLAND
Slide 3

3. How did we get here?

4. LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE HAS BEEN DISCOVERED THAT SHOWS THE SEA LEVELS WERE LOWER AND EXPOSED A LAND BRIDGE CALLED BERINGIA BETWEEN THE TWO CONTINENTS ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO
EXPERTS POSTULATE DIFFERENT EXACT ARRIVAL DATES FOR HUMANS BUT THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HUMANS LIVED THROUGHOUT NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA BY 10,000 B.C.E.
LAND BRIDGE
ASIA
NORTH AMERICA

5. PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700s ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT
GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE CULTURES AMONG THE DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES
IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND PRACTICE AGRICULTURE
IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE BUFFALO AS WELL AS CULTIVATING FOOD
IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING CROPS

6. 4 6 5 2 3 1 Olmec Aztec Mayan Inca Hohokam & Anasazi
Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian 6 5 2 3 1 4

7. Indigenous Peoples of South America
Olmecs—1st Empire in the Americas (southern Mexico)
Maya—Yucatan Peninsula. Developed a written language and a calendar.
Aztec—Central Mexico, Present day Mexico City. Built great cities, pyramids, and irrigation systems.
Inca—Western coast of South America. Created a highway system.

8. Hohokam & Anasazi—introduced crops into the deserts of the southwest US.
Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian—Great lakes to gulf of Mexico. Excelled in trade and architecture. Built huge burial mounds as big as pyramids.

9. IN THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS
AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES. SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN.
SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT

11. MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED?
1543 GLOBE
NEW TECHNOLOGY:
COMPASS
GLOBE
RUDDER
IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN
QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)
MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

12. MAP OF ROUTES TAKEN BY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS

13. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.
SPANISH EXPLORATION
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA.
THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE.
AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.

14. COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”, PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY.

15. Columbus—His discovery sparked the Age of Exploration and caused these three worlds to come together.
Native Americans—Many cultures were destroyed by war, disease, and genocide.
Africans—Their lives were changed forever as they began hundreds of years of slavery.

16. EUROPE RECEIVED COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AMERICAS RECEIVED
FOOD
CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE, TOBACCO
SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY, OATS, WINE GRAPES
ANIMALS
TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS, RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS
HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS, COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN
DISEASES
SYPHILIS
SMALLPOX, MEASLES, INFLUENZA
RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY
WEAPONS AND TOOLS
GUNS AND IRON TOOLS

17. Who got the better end of the deal?

18. SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO
FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU
THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS THROUGHOUT NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AS WELL AS SEVERAL CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
GUNS, HORSES AND STEEL WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SPAIN’S SUCCESS AS THEY MADE THE SPANISH UNSTOPPABLE

19. Conquistadors Spanish word for conqueror.
Cortez defeated the Aztecs with superior weaponry, disease, and psychology.

20. SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

21. DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE COLONIZER’S SUCCESS
PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50 MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE AMERICAS
ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES
IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF CONTACT
ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, DISEASE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

22. AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS
EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDS
AS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCE
MOST OF THE AFRICANS WERE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA
SLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA
EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA
MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN FROM
TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF SLAVES

23. AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO BECOME SLAVES

24. SLAVERY WAS AN OLD INSTITUTION
IT HAD BEEN PRACTICED FOR MANY CENTURIES IN MOST SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
GENERALLY SLAVES WERE WAR PRISONERS, NON-BELIEVERS OF THE RELIGION OF THEIR CONQUERORS, AND POOR PEOPLE WHO INDENTURED THEMSELVES TO GET OUT OF DEBT
SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS DIFFERED IN THAT EARLIER FORMS OF SLAVERY WERE NOT PERMANENT, INVOLVING MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, DENYING EDUCATION, MARRIAGE, PARENTHOOD, AND DID NOT DEGRADE SLAVES TO SUB-HUMAN STATUS. IT ALSO HAD NOT BEEN PRIMARILY RACE-BASED.

25. TENSION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SPAIN ESCALATED
ENGLAND HAD TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO COMPETE WITH THE SPANISH EMPIRE THROUGHOUT THE 1500s
PIRACY ON THE PART OF THE ENGLISH YIELDED GREAT PROFITS AND FRANCIS DRAKE (LATER KNIGHTED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH I) FAMOUSLY PLUNDERED MUCH FROM SPANISH SHIPS IN 1580
PHILIP II OF SPAIN TOOK THE “INVINCIBLE ARMADA”, ABOUT 130 SHIPS, TO INVADE ENGLAND IN 1588 AND WAS DEFEATED. THIS LED TO ENGLISH DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE ABILITY TO EASILY NAVIGATE THE VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA

26. THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY

29. Why did Europeans risk everything they had to come to the new world?
This engraving promised immigrants leisurely hunting and fishing and abundant food in Virginia.

30. JAMESTOWN AND THE VIRGINIA COLONY
THE VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON RECEIVED A CHARTER FROM KING JAMES I OF ENGLAND TO SETTLE IN THE “NEW WORLD”. THIS MEANT THAT THEY FUNDED THE EXPEDITION IN HOPES OF FINDING WEALTH. THE SITE CHOSEN, ON THE BANKS OF THE JAMES RIVER CONSISTED OF HARSH WEATHER AND DISEASES. HUNDREDS OF THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS DIED FROM STARVATION, DISEASE, AND NATIVE AMERICAN ATTACKS.

31. Jamestown
King James I of England commissioned the Virginia Company to explore the new land.

32. Jamestown
Lead by John Smith, the Jamestown colony did not fair well at first.

33. Jamestown - 1607 Settlers were not prepared for the conditions.
John Rolfe- cross breed or Brazilian tobacco and native weeds.
Help and hurt from the natives

34. ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS
HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO POPULATED SINCE CONDITIONS WERE SO TOUGH IN VIRGINIA?
ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS
TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE
LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS
THE FIRST ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE BODY IN A COLONY WAS CREATED, THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES
RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH

35. THE FRENCH
IN 1524 GIOVANNI Da VERRAZANO EXPLORED THE ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN FLORIDA AND NEWFOUNDLAND AND ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN FUR-TRAPPING TRIBES
IN 1534 JACQUES CARTIER SAILED THE LAWRENCE RIVER, SOLIDIFIED THOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND CREATED NEW ONES WITH OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES
ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH TRIED TO SETTLE IN FLORIDA THEY WERE STOPPED BY THE SPANISH
INITIALLY THE FRENCH FISHED IN THE ATLANTIC FOR COD AND SALMON BUT FUR TRADING YIELDED BIGGER PROFITS
THE FUR TRADE NECESSITATED FEW SETTLERS AT FIRST BUT BY THE MID 1600s THE FRENCH CONTROLLED THE INTERIOR OF NORTH AMERICA

36. LOUISIANA TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY THE FRENCH

37. THE DUTCH
IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”.
THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY ESTABLISHED THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30 FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND.
THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664 WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH.

38. Slavery and the Americas
Known as the “Middle Passage”
Eventually slaves largely outnumbered white colonists.
Anthony Johnson – first slave holder in the new world.

39. Bacon’s Rebellion
Gov. Berkeley monopolized trade with the Native Americans
Tensions between Native Americans and indentured servants hits boiling point
Berkeley refuses to retaliate against natives.

40. Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon leads 1,000 Virginians in rebellion to protest the poor treatment of indentured servants.
Rebels attacked all Native Americans
Burned Jamestown and plundered city.
Shows the strength of the indentured servants
Land owners begin searching for a group of workers that wouldn’t rebel – slaves.

42. The New England Colonies
Colonies: The four original New England Colonies were : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
People: The people who settled and lived in the New England Colonies were from England.
Economies: Farming in the New England Colonies was difficult due to the poor soil, cold climate and short growing season. Families in New England grew enough food to feed their families but had to rely on manufacturing and trade to earn livings.
Climate: The Climate in the New England colonies was colder than the other two regions due to the northern location.
Geography: The geography of New England was mostly hills and rocky soil.
Natural Resources: The natural resources of New England were fish, whales, trees, and furs.
Religion: The established religion of the New England Colonies was Puritan. Religious freedom did not exist in New England.

43. The Middle Colonies
Colonies: The Middle Colonies consisted of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.
People: The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen original colonies because of the influence of their Polish, English, Dutch, French and German origins.
Climate: The climate in the Middle Colonies was relatively hot. This allowed for a longer growing season. It was warmer than its northern counterpart New England but cooler than the Southern colonies
Geography: The geography of the middle colonies was made up of hills and flat lands with good soil.
Natural Resources: The natural resources of the middle colonies were iron ore and good soil.
Religion: The Middle colonists were a mixture of religions, including Quakers (led by William Penn), Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others.

44. The Southern Colonies
Colonies: In contrast to the New England and middle colonies were the rural southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia.
People: The populations in the southern colonies were diverse and consisted of many European nationalities.
Climate: The climate in the southern colonies was the warmest of the three regions and boasted the longest growing season.
Geography: The geography of the Southern Colonies which had a broad, coastal plain that was hilly and covered with forests.
Natural Resources: The natural resources found in the south were the rich farm lands, forests, and fish.
Religion: Religion did not have a large influence on the daily lives of southern colonists. The Southern colonists had a mixture of religions including Baptists and Anglicans.

45. Escaping for religious freedom
Pilgrims
Puritans

46. Pilgrims - Separatists
Wanted to completely leave the Church
Did not like having to share the church with the “damned”

47. Plymouth Colony
Settled by the Pilgrims escaping religious persecution.
Formed a “covenant community” based on their religious beliefs
Led by William Bradford

48. Puritans – Mass. Bay Colony
Wanted to ‘purify’ the church
Grew impatient with the slow reformation back in England
Led by John Winthrop
City Upon a Hill – speech given on the Mayflower – city will be a role model for the rest of civilization

49. Puritans – Political Characteristics
No democracy
Only adult males owning land and going to church could vote. (40%)
Church and state close
Laws criminalized drunkenness, swearing, theft and idleness
Taxes paid to the church
Used town hall meetings as forms of government

50. Mayflower Compact

51. Mayflower Compact
Social contract in which everyone agreed to work in order to survive
How is the dif. from the southern colonies?

52. Salem Witch Trials
February 1692, started with a few Salem girls accusing a Native American of practicing witchcraft
People started accusing each other and it led to hysteria
Women who were said to be “too independent” were accused

53. Great Awakening
Attempt to revive the declining membership of religious faith
Occurred first in Europe then spread to N.A.
Led to rapid growth of evangelical religion like Methodists and Baptists

55. Economic Characteristics
Economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading
NYC, Philly port towns

56. Government
Proprietary Colonies- free to govern w/o English monarchy- Proprietor- owner
Representative Governments
Leads to more profits

57. New Hampshire
Colony: New Hampshire Colony was founded in 1623 by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire was a planned colony. The land was granted to Mason who lived in Hampshire County, England. He sent settlers to the new land to establish a fishing colony.
People: The people who settled and lived in the New Hampshire Colony were from England. The population was homogenous meaning there were not people from other nations or religions living in New Hampshire.
Economy: The economic and social life in New Hampshire revolved around sawmills, shipyards, merchant's warehouses, and established village and town centers. Lumber, Fish, Masts for the Royal Navy, and Turpentine were the main exports of the colony.
Natural Resources: The major natural resource of New Hampshire was the forests. The timer in the region was used for masts and shipbuilding.
Religion: The dominate religion of the New England colonies was Puritan. There was no religious freedom or tolerance.
Back
End Show

58. Massachusetts Massachusetts (settled in 1630)
· Great Migration: Largest single movement of people in the 17th century; tens of thousands of Puritans
moved from England.
· John Winthrop: colony’s first governor
· “A City Upon a Hill”: Puritans hope of building a Christian society that would be a model for the rest of the
world
· Puritan General Court
Colony was subject to English laws, but company charter provided more independence than royal
charter in Virginia
Politics and religion tied closely together (theocracy).

59. Connecticut Connecticut (settled in 1636)
· Colony led by Thomas Hooker
o Left Massachusetts Bay because he believed governor and other officials had too much power
o Wanted to set up colony with strict limits on government (“the father of American democracy”)
· Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): Plan of government similar to that of Massachusetts; two
differences:
o Gave the vote to all men who were property owners and church members; and,
o Limited the governor’s power (government more representative – more voters)
· Connecticut became a separate colony from Massachusetts

60. Rhode Island Rhode Island (settled in 1636) · Led by Roger Williams:
o Separation of church and state: Williams believed the Puritan church in Massachusetts had too
much power and that the business of church and state would be completely separate (Puritan
leaders should not be allowed to force people to attend religious services)
o Religious Tolerance: a willingness to let others practice their own beliefs (in Massachusetts, nonPuritans
were not allowed to worship freely)
o In 1635, General Court banished Williams from the colony
o Williams purchased land from the Native Americans for a settlement
· In Rhode Island, complete freedom of religion allowed for all Protestants, Catholics, and Jews
(Touro Synagogue, first Jewish house of worship in North America)
· Anne Hutchinson
o Brought to trial in Massachusetts for conducting church discussions in her home that challenged
church authority
o In 1638, Hutchinson went to Rhode Island along with her family and some friends

61. Delaware Delaware (founded in 1638 as New Sweden)
· Originally founded as New Sweden, then became English territory
· Landlocked Pennsylvania
o Duke of York gave Pennsylvania land for access to the Atlantic Ocean and shipping to England
· Trouble among settlers
o Trying to unite Pennsylvania with the lower counties caused trouble among the settlers
o Eventually colony broke away and formed a separate colony – Delaware.

62. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (founded in 1681) · Led by William Penn
o William Penn founded Pennsylvania as home to his religious community – the Quakers.
o William Penn was personal friend of King Charles II until he joined the Quakers, one of the most
despised religious groups in England.
o Although jailed several times, Penn’s wealth allowed him to create a haven for other Quakers in
America.
· Quakers
o Group who was persecuted because their beliefs angered English authorities.
o Beliefs included:
§ All people—wealthy or poor—were equal in the sight of God
§ Refused to take oaths
§ Women allowed to speak in meetinghouses
§ Opposed war
§ Refused to pay taxes
§ First group against slavery
· “Holy Experiment”: Penn wanted colony to be a model of Christian living, religious freedom, and peace.
· Colony grew
o Colony attracted other settlers German
farmers

63. New Jersey New Jersey (founded in 1664)
· New York divided among friends
o Duke of York decided New York was too big to govern easily, so he gave some of the land to friends
· New Jersey established as proprietary colony (colony in which king gave land to one or more people who
were free to divide the land and rent it to others).
· New Jersey became a royal colony (1702) (colony under the direct control of the English king).

64. New York I. New York (founded as New Netherland in 1624)
· Originally founded as New Netherland (Dutch)
o New Amsterdam: center of the new colony (New York City today)
o Colony grew very slowly (compared to the New England colonies)
§ Most Dutch people had no real reason to migrate to the colony because their country
(Netherlands) was prosperous and tolerant of different religions
o Patroons:
§ Wealthy families who were granted large amounts of land by Dutch officials
§ Promised to bring 50 new settlers to farm on the land
§ Powerful; they ran their large estates as they wished; they could charge whatever rents they
pleased; people on the land had little voice in government.
· New Netherland became New York (1664)
o By 1664, rivalry between England and Netherlands for trade and colonies reached its height; British
warships entered New Amsterdam’s harbor; New Netherland surrendered to the British without firing
a shot
· New Amsterdam (and the colony) were renamed New York in honor of the king’s brother, the Duke of York.

65. Virginia Virginia (founded in 1607)
· Colony founded to gain wealth and expand trade
· Colony led by John Smith
· House of Burgesses: Government of Jamestown in which male representatives (burgesses) were elected to
make laws; marked the beginning of representative government in the English colonies.

66. Maryland Maryland (founded in 1632)
· Colony founded for religious freedom and to profit from selling land
· Founded by English Catholics as a proprietary colony
o Lord Baltimore’s land plan: Generous land plan to attract settlers (proprietors); settlers would receive
land for themselves + extra acres for each child and each servant with them.
· Successful colony
o Warm climate and good soil for farming
o Tobacco most profitable crop
o Potomac River made it easy to ship goods to and from England
· Conflict between Catholics and Protestants
o Although Catholics founded Maryland, a growing number of Protestants began moving there in the
1640s. Religious conflicts between the two groups arose.
o Toleration Act (1649): Lord Baltimore issued the Toleration Act (Act Concerning Religion) to reduce
tensions and protect both groups; guaranteed all Christians the right to worship

67. North Carolina
North Carolina and South Carolina (Carolina founded as a single colony in 1663, separated in 1712)
· Carolina grew slowly
o Humid climate
o Swampy coastal land caused fever and malaria
· Roanoke Island: first attempt to colonize in America by the English; colony disappeared
· North and South Carolina differences:
o North Carolina was settled mostly by people from Virginia looking for new farmland to grow tobacco.
o South Carolina attracted settlers from the West Indies, England, and other parts of Europe.
· Indigo grown: plant that produces a blue dye
· African slaves used on plantations to grow rice.

68. South Carolina
Colony: The South Carolina Colony was founded in 1663 by English Colonists. The colony was originally part of the Carolina Colony. A single government ruled the Carolina’s until 1712 when there was a separate government established in the north. In 1719 the Crown purchased the South Carolina territory from the absent proprietors.
People: The population of the South Carolina Colony was diverse.
Economy: The South Carolina Colonial economy was based on Plantation Agriculture that produced indigo, rice, tobacco, cotton, and cattle.
Religion: The diverse population of the colony brought diverse religious beliefs and practices to the colony.
Back
End Show

69. Georgia Georgia (founded in 1732)
· Last North American colony established by the British
· James Oglethorpe’s mission
o James Oglethorpe started colony to give London’s men, women, and children prisoners (owing
debts) a second chance.
· King George II
o Oglethorpe received charter from King George II for land; King wanted buffer between South
Carolina and Spanish troops in Florida.
· Olgethorpe wanted colony to be different
o Oglethorpe did not want Georgia to have large plantations ruled by a few wealthy individuals, so he:
§ Outlawed slavery in Georgia
§ Limited the size of land grants in Georgia