1. 世界历史文选 Selected Readings in World History 历史文化学院 延安大学 刘建华 History & Culture School, YAU Liu Jianhua

2. Property, Goal and Achievement (Course Property) Selected Readings in World History is a Required course designed for History Specialty. It aims at to improve students ’ diathesis on history through reading the original works of famous western historians. (Course Goal) Selected Readings in World History is designed to help students improve their ability to read academic papers and to summarize the contents effectively and accurately. (Course Achievement) Students are expected to distinguish the difference of culture between Chinese and Westerners; are expected to master the basic knowledge and the ability of writing and oral expressions in English; also are expected to gain the ability of reading the original works of English.

3. Time Schedule ChapterContentsClass Notes （ Methods for Teaching ） 1Classic Times12 Lecture and Practice （ English & Chinese ） 2Middle Ages12 Lecture and Practice （ English & Chinese ） 3Modern Times16 Lecture and Practice （ English & Chinese ） 4Contemporary Times14 Lecture and Practice （ English & Chinese ） Total54

4. Content UNIT ONE CLASSIC TIMES UNIT TWO MIDDLE AGES UNIT THREE MODERN TIMES UNIT FOUR CONTEMPARY TIMES

5. UNIT ONE CLASSIC TIMES Goals Background Knowledge The History （ Selected ） by Herodotus The Annals （ Selected ） by Tacitus Basic Skills on History Papers Reading （ I ）

6. Goals Learn the development of Western historiography in Classic Times Study History (Selected) by Herodotus and The Annals (Selected) by Tacitus Get basic knowledge on history papers reading.

7. Background Knowledge What ’ s the definition of Classic History? A brief introduction to famous historians of Classic times (Greece): Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius. A brief introduction to famous historians of Classic times (Roman): Julius Caesar, Tacitus, Livy, Plutarch, etc.

8. Classic history: its characters. Developed on ancient myth Source of Western history Include ancient Greek period and ancient Roman period Focus on Human ’ s value; Objective description.

9. Herodotus: Father of Western history Herodotus lived in the 5th century BC (from 485 to 425).He was born on the coast of what is now Turkey but during his 20's or 30's migrated to Athens. During his lifetime Herodotus witnessed many significant events including the rise of the Athenian Empire, the growing hostility between Athens and Sparta and the end of the Golden Age of Athens. Herodotus wrote histories, which were based on the stories passed down from generation to generation. Cicero referred to Ancient Greek historian Herodotus as being the 'father of history'

10. 《历史》 (Histories) Herodotus undertook to write a history of the world up until his own time and is probably most famous for the nine books documenting the Persian conflict with Greece that book was named Histories.

11. Thucydides (c. 460-c. 399 BCE) He was elected by the Athenians to the position of army general in 424 BCE. After Thucydides lost the city of Amphipolis, the most important stronghold in Thrace, he was banished for 20 years from Athens. During this time he wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars, in which he was able to describe the great skill of the general who defeated him. His work, along with that of Heroditus, formed the beginning of historical writing that sought to inquire into such information as may lead to the facts concerning the past. Careful collection of information, judgment of sources, and the application of reason. These are what Thucydides attempted to develop on history, so he is a scientific historians rather than a mythical basis history teller.

12. Xenophon Xenophon was born in Athens during the early years of the Peloponnesian War and may have been one of Socrates' students. He is known as an historian. Like Thucydides, Xenophon was exiled and wound up in Sparta where he was given an estate and raised a family. Xenophon also wrote about Greek topics, including The Hellenica, a history of Greece from 411-362. It is thought to have been a continuation of Thucydides' work to the Battle of Mantinea.

13. Polybius Polybius was an influential second century B.C. historian from Greece. Polybius wrote about various governments and provided data on the Punic Wars from a non-Roman perspective. The end of Greece, the beginning of Roman in history field. Polybius get his thought from Greece but put it in History, a famous book that describes Roman history.

14. Sallust Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born c. 86 B.C. to a plebeian Sabine family, at Amiternum (now San Vittorino, Italy). Sallust's first monograph was his Bellum Catilinae (43-42 B.C.) about the conspiracy of Catiline. Sallust's second monograph was the Bellum Jugurthinum (41-40 B.C.) about the struggle of King Jugurtha of Numidia with Rome which led to the rise of Marius. Jugurtha Sallust is considered a great literary stylist and the first Roman historian. Earlier, there had been Roman annalist. His model was Thucydides, according to J.W. Mackail.

15. Julius Caesar Julius Caesar kept detailed records of his military campaigns and wars in his Civil and Gallic Wars.

16. Tacitus Little is known for certain about the origins of Tacitus, although he is believed to have been born, around A.D. 56, into a provincial aristocratic family in Gaul (modern France) or nearby, in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. He had a successful political course, becoming senator, consul, and eventually governor of the Roman province of Asia. He probably lived and wrote into Hadrian's reign (117-38) and may have died in A.D. 120. His famous books on history include Agricola, Germania, Historiae (Histories), and Annales (Annals).

17. Livy Titus Livius (Livy) was born in Patavium, and lived from c. 59 B.C. to c. A.D. 17. 'From the Founding of the City' was his famous book on Roman history. With history as his vehicle, Livy displayed his rhetorical flair and literary style. He sought to engage the attention of the listening audience through speeches or emotive description. Occasionally he sacrificed chronology to variety. He rarely explored contradictory versions of an event, but made his selections with an eye to championing Rome's national virtues.

18. Plutarch Plutarch is know for writing biographies of famous ancient people Since he lived in the first and second centuries A.D. he had access to material that is no longer available to us which he used to write his biographies. His material is easy to read in translation. Plutarch wrote and lectured. Seventy-eight of his pieces are preserved in the "Moralia," but his most famous work is the "Parallel Lives," which compares Greek and Roman statesmen. This work gained the attention of the Emperor Trajan. Even though Plutarch lived hundreds of years after many of his subjects, his information is our best source for many historical figures.

19. History （ Selected ） by Herodotus

20. Content of Histories (1) Book 1 Lydia, Medes, Persia, Cyrus Book 2 Egyptian And African History, Customs, Geography Book 3 Cambyses Conquers Egypt; Cambyses' Death; Smerdis; Darius; 20 Persian Satrapies Book 4 Europeans; Darius Fails To Conquer Scythia; Greek Colonies In Libya (Cyrene, Barca); Persia Invades Libya Book 5 Persia Conquers Thrace, Paeonians; Ionian Revolt Under Aristagoras Of Miletus; Former Athens-Sparta Conflicts; Athenian Tyrants & Democracy; Conflict Between Athens And Darius Begins

21. Content of Histories (2) Book 6 Miletus Conquered & Ionian Revolt Quelled; Thrace, Athos, acedonia Fall; Rivalry Between Spartan Clemenes & Demaratus; Athens- Aegina Conflict; Athens & Plataeans Defeat Persia At Marathon Under Miltiades Book 7 Darius Dies--Xerxes King;Invasion Of Thrace, Thessalia;Athens And Sparta Unite; Shipwrecks Of Persians;Leonidas' Defeat At Thermopylae Book 8 Battle At Artemesium;Attacks On Phocis, Boeotia, Delphi, Plataea, Athens; Victory At Salamis Book 9 Greek Victories At Plataea (Mardonius Killed); Greeks Attack Thebes; Victory At Mycale, Siege Of Sestos

22. Outline of Book 1

23. Mythical Origins of Conflict between Greeks and Asiatic peoples Phoenicians abduct Io (Isis) daughter of king of Argos to Egypt (or did she go willingly?). Abduction of Tyre (in Phoenicia) king's daughter Europa by Greeks Abduction of Colchis king's daughter Medea by Greeks Abduction of Helen of Lacedaemonia by Alexander (Paris) of Troy and subsequent destruction of Troy [34]

24. Croesus Of Lydia (560-546) First to subdue and enslave Ionians, Aeolians, and Dorians in Asia Minor. Ruled at peak of Lydian empire from Sardis Predecessor Candaules displays his wife to Gyges, who kills Candaules at her insistence Delphic Pythia foretells vengeance in the 5th generation of Gyges descendants [38] Tale of Arion saved by the dolphin [42] Visit of Solon of Athens: Tales of the men "most blessed of all" [45] "So, Croesus, man is entirely what befalls him... To me it is clear that you are very rich..., but I cannot say of you of yet until I hear that you have brought your life to an end well."[47] Croesus sends him away. Croesus' son Atys killed by Adrastus accidentally in boar hunt, after Atys insists in going along. [51] Croesus seeks oracle whether of invade Persia- Delphi replies that "if he made war on the Persians he would destroy a mighty empire" [55] and that "whenever a mule [Cyrus] become sovereign king of the Medians" he should flee.

25. Croesus Of Lydia (560-546) Croesus inquires of status of Greek cultures to win friendship with- digression on Athenian Pisistratus [57-61] & Lacedaemonians/Spartans [61-5] Croesus ignores warning [65] Cr invades Syrian Cappadocia & is captured by Cyrus {546} [66-69] Tale of Scythians feeding Cyaxeres boy's meat and fleeing to Lydia [67] Sardis captured [72], Croesus' dumb son speaks out to save his father [73] Cyrus spares Croesus life when he calls out "Solon" on the burning pyre and tells his story [73] Croesus counsels Cyrus The Pythia clarifies the oracles [76-7] Lydian customs and "facts"

26. Assyrian/Median/Persian History Assyrians ruled 1229-709 Medes revolt & is united by Deioces ruling from Ecbatana (modern Iran) {704-647} Phraortes {647-625} Cyaxeres {625-585} (Scythians rule for 28 years {634-606}) Astyages (Median, rules {585-529}) fears a dream and marries his daughter to a Persian, Cambyses. Astyages orders her son (Cyrus) to be slain by Harpagus, but he turns Cyrus over to a shepherd. Young Cyrus acts like a king, is brought to Astyages. Harpagus is fed his son when Astyages learns of the deception.[88] Harpagus incites Cyrus to revolt against Media {559} Persian customs

27. Persian Empire Expansions Cyrus threatens the 12 Ionian cities of Panionium, first attacking Phocaea (attack led by Harpagus)- they flee to Corsica.[107]. Ionia enslaved by 545.[110] Carians, Caunians, Lycians Cyrus attacks Assyria including Babylon (established 612 after fall of Nineveh, captured 538) Babylonian rulers: Semiramis, Nitocris Babylonian customs- compulsory sex at the temple of Aphrodite Cyrus attacks the Massagetae (on the Asian steppes W of the Caspian); their customs (get drunk on fruit). Queen Tomyris warns Cyrus as does Croesus, but he ignores them and is slain (529)

28. Annals (Selected) By Tacitus

29. Content Books 1-6: Tiberius (CE 14-37) [most of Book 5 does not survive) Books 7-12: Caligula & Claudius (CE 37-54) [only part of book 11 and book 12 survive] Books 13-16 (18?): Nero (CE 54-66 (68?)) [only up through part of book 16 survives]

30. Book 1 (1) (14-15 CE) 1.1 Prologue 1.2-5 Quick account of Augustus, focusing on the end 14 CE: 1.6-1.54 1.6 "1st act of the new principate" — murder of Postumus Agrippa 1.7-10 Tiberius's first meeting with the senate and the funeral of Augustus 1.11-15 Tiberius's second meeting with the senate; sycophancy 1.16-51 Revolt of the Pannonian and German legions 1.16-30 Revolt in Pannonia (roughly modern Bosnia) 1.31-51 Revolt of legions along the Rhine in Germany 1.52-54 Miscellaneous in Rome

31. Book 1 (2) (14-15 CE) 15 CE: 1.55-1.81 1.55-71 Renewed war with Germans (esp. Segestes and Arminius) 55-56 Preliminaries 57-59 Segestes' capture & capitulation; Arminius' response 60-62 Discovery of the Teutoburg disaster 63-68 Battle in the marshes 69 Agrippina prevents panic 70-71 N ear disaster as Germanicus moves his troops 1.72-81 Miscellaneous in Rome, including the first treason trials

32. Book 2 (1)(16-19 CE) 16 CE: 2.1-40 2.1-26 Foreign affairs 1-4 Disruptions in the East 5-26 Further campaigning in Germany 2.27-41 City affairs (sorting out the nature of Tiberius's command) 27-32 Treason case of Libo 33 Failed sumptuary legislation 34 L. Piso's attacks and Urgulania's influence with Livia 35-36 Gallus tests Tiberius about magistrates 37-38 Speeches of Hortalus and Tiberius about Hortalus's poverty 39-40 Clemens pretends to be Postumus Agrippa 41 Miscellaneous dedications

33. Book 2 (2)(16-19 CE) 17 CE: 2.41-52 2.41-43 Miscellaneous political & military, including the triumph of Germanicus & installation of Cn. Piso as governor of Syria 2.44-46 Further fighting in Germany 2.47-51 Miscellaneous political & military 2.52 War in Africa

34. Book 2 (3)(16-19 CE) 18 CE: 2.53-58 2.53-58 Germanicus and Cn. Piso 53-55 Germanicus's tour of Greek world & Piso's disparagement of Greeks 56-58 Beginning of operations in Armenia; accelerating feud with Piso

35. Book 2 (4)(16-19 CE) 19 CE: 2.59-88 2.59-68 Affairs in Germany and the East 2.69-75 Death and funeral of Germanicus 2.76-81 Wrangling over the fleet and Syria 2.82-84 Mourning for Germanicus and the birth of twins for Drusus 2.85-88 Miscellaneous business, including the death of Arminius

36. Book 3 (1)(20-22 CE) 20 CE: 3.1-30 3.1-6 Further funeral of Germanicus 3.7-19 Trial and condemnation of Cn. Piso 3.20-21 Tacfarinas in Africa 3.22-23 Lepida's condemnation 3.24 Restoration of D. Silanus (adulterer with the younger Julia) 3.25-28 Limits set to the lex Papia Poppaea (incl. digression on the history of law) 3.29 Maturing of Nero Julius Caesar (son of Germanicus) 3.30 Death of L. Volusius and Sallustius Crispus

37. Book 3 (2)(20-22 CE) 21 CE: 3.31-51 3.31-38 Miscellaneous 31 Dispute between Corbulo & Sulla 32 Further trouble with Tacfarinas 33 Severus Caecina tries to ban wives from the provinces 35-38 Further sycophancy and treason trials 3.39-47 Rebellions in Gaul 3.48 Death of Sulpicius Quirinius 3.49-51 Trial and condemnation of Clutorius Priscus for his poetry (including defense by M. Lepidus in a direct speech).

38. Book 3 (3)(20-22 CE) 22 CE: 3.52-76 3.52-55 Sumptuary legislation sidestepped by letter of Tiberius (digression on luxury) 3.56-59 Tribunician power for Drusus 3.60-63 Right of "refuge" (asylia) among the Greek cities 3.64-65 Livia's health & a famous digression on the writing of history 3.66-70 Trial of C. Silanus & others 3.71-72 Miscellaneous (incl. vows for Livia & restoration of the Theater of Pompey) 3.73-74 Blaesus & the war in Africa 3.75-76 Miscellaneous significant deaths

39. Book 4 (1)(23-28 CE) 23 CE: 4.1-16 4.1-3 Introduction to Aelius Sejanus 4.4-6 Review of the state of the state 4.7-11 Murder of, and mourning for, Drusus (son of Tiberius) 4.12 Agrippina and sons 4.13-16 Miscellaneous business

40. Book 4 (2)(23-28 CE) 24 CE: 17-33 4.17-22 Trials (18-19: Trial of C. Silius) 4.23-26 End of the war with Tacfarinas 4.27-31 Trials and informants (delatores), incl. a son as the accuser of his father 4.32-33 Digression on the material and usefulness of studying history

41. Book 4 (3)(23-28 CE) 25 CE: 34-45 4.34-35 Trial and speech of Cremutius Cordus 4.36 Several accusations 4.37-38 Speech of Tiberius spurning the dedication of a temple to himself 4.39-41 Sejanus requests to marry Livia and Tiberius responds in a letter 4.42 Trial of Votienus Montanus, at which Tiberius hears abuse 4.43-45 Miscellaneous deaths and requests from the provinces

42. Book 4 (4)(23-28 CE) 26 CE: 46-61 4.46-51 Sabinus's successful war with the Thracians 4.52-54 Agrippina asks for a husband 4.55-56 Debate among the cities of Asia Minor over a temple 4.57-60 Tiberius's withdrawal to Sperlonga; plotting against Nero (son of Germanicus) 4.61 Prominent deaths

43. Book 4 (5)(23-28 CE) 27 CE: 62-67 4.62-63 Collapse of amphitheater at Fidenae 4.64-65 Fire on the Caelian Hill 4.66 Further trials 4.67 Retreat to the island of Capri

44. Book 4 (6)(23-28 CE) 28 CE: 68-75 4.68-71 ***Trial of Titius Sabinus 4.72-73 Frisian revolt 4.74 Haughtiness of Tiberius and Sejanus 4.75 Marriage of Agrippina (the younger) to Domitius Ahenobarbus

45. Book 5(29 CE) 5.1-2 Death and funeral of Livia 5.3-5 Accusations against Agrippina (elder) & Nero (s. Germanicus)

46. Book 6 (1)(31-37CE) 31 CE: 5.6-11 5.6-7 Tail end of a trial 5.8-9 Further trials and executions of Sejanus's supporters 5.10-11 Miscellaneous

47. Book 6 (2)(31-37CE) 32 CE: 6.1-14 6.1 Tiberius's lusts on the island of Capri 6.2-10 Trials and accusations (incl. speech of Terentius) 6.11 Obituary of Piso and the City Praefecture 6.12 Sibylline poems 6.13 Food crisis 6.14 Miscellaneous deaths

48. Book 6 (3)(31-37CE) 33 CE: 15-27 6.15 Husbands for Drusilla & Julia 6.16-17 Financial troubles 6.18-19 Further trials 6.20-22 Marriage of Gaius Caligula & digressions on prophecy and fate 6.23-26 Trials & suicides, incl. Drusus and Agrippina (elder) 6.27 Obituaries of Aelius Lamia & M. Lepidus

49. Book 6 (4)(31-37CE) 34 CE: 28-30 6.28 Appearance of the Phoenix in Egypt 6.29-30 Constant slaughters of accused and accusers

50. Book 6 (5)(31-37CE) 35 CE: 31-39 6.31-37 Parthian affairs 6.38-39 More trials & deaths (incl. Fulcinius Trio's public abuse of Tiberius)

51. Book 6 (6)(31-37CE) 36 CE: 40-45 6.40 Long list of trials & deaths 6.41-44 Eastern affairs 6.45 Fire on the Aventine / Tiberius's building program

52. Book 6 (7)(31-37CE) 37 CE: 46-51 6.45-49 More trials, executions, & suicides 6.50-51 Death of Tiberius

53. Book 11 (1)(47-48CE) 47 CE: 1-22 11.1-4 Trial and suicide of Valerius Asiaticus 11.5-7 Debate over the Cincian Law 11.8-10 Parthian affairs 11.11-15 Miscellaneous in the city Celebration of the Secular Games; M essalina's adultery with Silius; Claudius as censor; digression on the alphabet; college of diviners 11.16-20 Military actions in Germany (incl. Corbulo) 11.21 Curtius Rufus & ghost story (cf. Pliny min. epist. 7.27.2-3) 11.22 Quaestors now give gladiatorial shows

54. Book 11 (2)(47-48CE) 48 CE: 23-38 11.23-25 Debate over reforms in the senate & Claudius's speech 11.26-38 Messalina's new marriage (to Silius) and death

55. Book 12 (1)(48-54CE) 48 CE: 1-4 12.1-4 Debate among the freedmen (Narcissus, Pallas, Callistus) about a new wife and arrangements for the marriage of Domitius (Nero) and Octavia

56. Book 12 (2)(48-54CE) 49 CE: 5-24 12.5-7 Vitellius speaks in the senate in favor of the (incestuous) marriage 12.8 Suicide of L. Silanus 12.9 Formal betrothal of Nero and Octavia 12.10-21 Affairs in the East 12.22 Agrippina eliminates rivals 12.23-24 Miscellaneous business in the city (incl. extending the pomerium)

57. Book 12 (3)(48-54CE) 50 CE: 25-40 12.25-26 Adoption of Nero 12.27-30 Events in Germany 12.31-40 Events in Britain (war with Caratacus)

58. Book 12 (4)(48-54CE) 51 CE: 41-51 12.41-42 Agrippina solidifies power (Nero receives toga virilis; Burrus becomes Praetorian Prefect) 12.43 Portents 12.44-51 Affairs in the East

59. Book 12 (5)(48-54CE) 52 CE: 52-57 12.52 Trial of Furius Scribonianus 12.53 Legislation of Pallas 12.54-55 Affairs in Judea & Cilicia 12.56-57 Opening of the Fucine Lake canal

60. Book 12 (6)(48-54CE) 53 CE: 58-63 12.58 Marriage of Nero & Octavia; Nero advocates for cities 12.59 Trial and suicide of Statilius Taurus 12.60-63 Assorted legislation (Cos & Byzantium)

61. Book 12 (7)(48-54CE) 54 CE: 64-69 12.64-65 Elimination of Domitia Lepida 12.66-69 Murder of Claudius; accession of Nero

62. Book 13 (1)(54-58CE) 54 CE: 1-10 13.1 First deaths of Nero's reign (Julius Silanus & Narcissus) 13.2 Main influences on Nero (Agrippina & Pallas; Seneca & Burrus) 13.3 Funeral of Claudius (incl. digression on the eloquence of emperors) 13.4-5 Nero's first interactions with the senate 13.6-9 Eastern affairs & Corbulo 13.10 Miscellaneous

63. Book 13 (2)(54-58CE) 55 CE: 11-24 13.11-14 Nero's lust for the freedwoman Acte; Agrippina's jealousy 13.15-17 Murder of Brittanicus 13.18-22 Accusation of Agrippina 13.23-24 Miscellaneous

64. Book 13 (3)(54-58CE) 56 CE: 25-30 13.25 Nero's nighttime forays and Julius Montanus 13.26-27 Discussions in the senate about the status of freedmen 13.28-29 Handling of magistracies 13.30 Suicides & trials 57 CE: 31-33 13.31-33 Miscellaneous

65. Book 13 (3)(54-58CE) 58 CE: 34-58 13.34-41 Eastern affairs & Corbulo 13.42-43 Trial of Suillius 13.44 Octavius Sagitta kills his mistress 13.45-46 Sabina Poppaea 13.47-52 Miscellaneous domestic affairs 13.53-58 Affaris in Germany

66. Book 14 (1)(59-62CE) 59 CE: 1-19 14.1-10 Murder of Agrippina 14.11-13 Aftermath of the murder 14.14-16 Nero, the games, and poets 14.17-19 Riot at Pompeii, expulsions from the senate, prominent deaths

67. Book 14 (2)(59-62CE) 60 CE: 20-28 14.20-21 Scandal of the Quinquennial Games (arguments pro & con) 14.22 Comet and rumors of Rubellius Plautus taking command 14.23-26 Corbulo in the East 14.27-28 Miscellaneous

68. Book 14 (3)(59-62CE) 61 CE: 29-47 14.29-39 Boudicca's rebellion 14.40-47 Crimes, esp. debate over whether an entire establishment (fam ilia) of slaves should be killed because one killed his master

69. Book 14 (4)(59-62CE) 62 CE: 48-65 14.48-49 Treason trial of Antistius (Thrasea speaks up) 14.50 Treason trial of Fabricius Veiento (author of literary wills) 14.51-56 Death of Burrus / sinking of Seneca (request for retirement, Nero's response) 14.57-59 Murders of Sulla & Rubellius Plautus 14.60-64 Divorce & execution of Octavia; marriage to Poppaea 14.65 Assorted deaths of freedmen

70. Book 15 (1)(62-65CE) 62 CE: 1-22 15.1-17 Affairs in Armenia (disgraceful defeat of Caesennius Paetus) 15.18-22 Miscellaneous in Rome (speech of Thrasea Paetus about haughty provincials) 63 CE: 23-32 15.23 Birth & death of Nero's daughter 15.24-31 Affairs in the East (return of Corbulo; submission of Tiridates) 15.32 Miscellaneous in Rome

71. Book 15 (2)(62-65CE) 64 CE: 33-47 15.33-34 Nero's desire to perform 15.35 Suicide of Torquatus Silanus 15.36 Decision to stay in Rome 15.37 Banquet of Tigellinus and Nero's marriage to Pythagoras 15.38-45 Great fire and Nero's Golden House (Domus Aurea) 15.46 Gladiator revolt at Praeneste 15.47 Assorted portents

72. Book 15 (3)(62-65CE) 65 CE: 48-74 15.48-74 Conspiracy of Piso 48 Description of Piso 49-50 The primary conspirators 51 Epicharis attempts to sway nauarch Proculus & is betrayed by him 52-53 The plan 54-56 Exposure of the plan when Scaevinus is betrayed by his freedman Milichus 57 Torture & suicide of Epicharis 58 Rounding up of conspirators; equivocation of Faenius Rufus 59 Attempt to rally Piso; Piso's suicide 60-65 Suicide of Seneca 66-70 Deaths of others of the most prominent of the conspirators (66 – Faenius Rufus; 67 – Sabrius Flavus; 68-69 – Vestinus; 70 – Lucan) 71-74 Further aftermath of the conspiracy

73. Book 16 (1)(65-66CE) 65 CE: 1-13 16.1-3 False gold hunt of Caesellius Bassus 16.4-5 Games at which Nero performs 16.6-9 Accusations and executions 16.10-11 Triple suicide of L. Vetus, Sextia, and Pollitta (Antistia) 16.12 Miscellaneous (incl. changing names of months) 16.13 Portents and miscellaneous

74. Book 16 (2--1)(65-66CE) 66 CE: 14-35 16.14-15 Suicides of Anteius & Ostorius Scapula upon betrayal by Antistius Sosianus 16.16 Digression on method 16.17 Sequence of forced suicides (Annaeus Mela, Cerialis Anicius, Rufrius Crispinus) 16.18-19 Suicide of Petronius 16.20 Exile of sex toy Silia; execution of Minucius Thermus by Tigellinus

75. Book 16 (2--2)(65-66CE) 16.21-35 Accusations of Barea Soranus & Thrasea Paetus 21 Background of the case against Thrasea 22 Capito Cossutianus's accusation against Thrasea 23 The case against Barea Soranus & timing of the accusations 24 Thrasea's note to Nero 25-26 Debate among supporters as to what Thrasea should do 27-29 Thrasea's challenge to the senate & M arcellus's vitriolic response 30-32 Accusation of Soranus & his daughter Servilia 33 Verdicts 34-35 Suicide of Thrasea

76. Basic Skills on History Papers Reading (1) Ways of academic reading and its skills

77. Ways of academic reading(1) Read in the right order Make sure you look at a book that will give you the general picture or background to what you are studying first. If you do not know which this is, ask your tutor. Then turn to the more difficult monographs and try to understand the gist of what the writer is saying. Skip the more difficult passages at this stage. You can return to them when you have gained more insight.

78. Ways of academic reading(2) Learn to ‘ gut ’ whole book Read introductions, conclusions, relevant chapters, and index references. Concentrate on new information and ensure that you gain knowledge of what important scholars in the field are saying.

79. Ways of academic reading(3) Read around the subject Don ’ t limit yourself to recommended books. Be adventurous and consult primary sources if you are able. Do, however, read any book your tutor has said is central to the subject.

80. Ways of academic reading(4) Take notes Don ’ t simply copy. Jot down the ‘ facts ’, e.g. dates, names, places, then concentrate on arguments and reasons. Read sections/chapters in one go then summarize the argument and evidence. Keep your notes short and to the point. Ensure that you will still understand them in 2 years later.

81. Ways of academic reading(5) Read critically Look for footnotes — what sources are being used? Why? What is the relevance/weight? Try to deconstruct the book (time permitting) — break it into its constituent parts. Be suspicious. Are the arguments logical, believable, true? e.g. Do they truly relate to the original documents? Is the evidence supporting the argument believable, accurate, based on primary sources, correctly interpreted, substantiated with logical reasoning, supported by scholarship and scholars in the field? Does it make sense?

82. Academic Reading Skills

83. General knowledge Try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from context. Read in group of words (ie. phrases and clauses) rather than single word.

84. How to skimming Move eyes across the lines rapidly. Do not stop. Always look forward. Do not look back. Focus as much as possible on key words. Remember that the first sentence usually prepares the reader for the para.

85. How to scanning Read the question. Decide what kind of information you are looking for- e.g. A number, a data, a person ’ s name. Look only for that information. Do not read every word in every sentence. Find the sentence you think has the answer. Read this sentence to be certain you have the correct answer. Write the answer.

86. Skim for topic/thesis/what the article or book is about Assess article/book-how long? Who by? Speed is important-keep looking forwards, don ’ t stop to read more at the stage. Introduction para-is there a topic sentence/thesis? Conclusion-is there a ‘ therefore ’ statement? If necessary look for topic sentences at beginning of paras Focus on key words.

87. Scan for answers to questions which, what, why, when, how … Look for main points, ie. first level details-these should be in separate paras or groups of paras. Who or what is each para about? What does the writer really want me to know about the who or what? Make a note in one sentence or phrase about each main point. Look for specific information such as numbers, dates, names … Is the main point of the para explicitly stated of implied? Make a note.

88. Detailed reading for reasons and explanations Look for the second level details ie. examples, explanations, specific cases … Fit these details to the main idea in your mind. Make a note of necessary details against the main points Note the patterns of writing-how the details been organized.

89. Detailed reading What is the structure of the piece? Is it academically written? What transitions, vocabulary, phrases are new to you? Make a note. How are some of the sentences structured? How are the details organized? Why?

90. Critical analysis Who is the author? What are their credentials? Date of publication? Is this a scholarly article? Who is the publisher? Is the article/book written in an academic/journalistic/popular style? Make a note. Check the bibliography-what works are cited? Authors attitude-is the author objective? Is the author arguing from a particular perspective? If so, which? Make a note. How strong is any data used? Is it new research? Make a note.

91. UNIT TWO MIDDLE AGES Goals Background Knowledge The City of God （ Selected ） by Sanit. Augustine Life of King Louis the Fat by Abbot Suger Basic Skills on History Papers Reading （Ⅱ）

92. Goals Learn the development of Western historiography in Middle Ages Study The city of God (Selected)by St.Augustine Study Life of King Louis the Fat by Abbot Suger Get advanced knowledge on history papers reading and basic skill on academic paragraph writing.

93. Background Knowledge Christianity History in Early Middle Ages History of Europe Countries in Middle Ages Conclusion: Main Characters of medieval history

94. Christianity History in Early Middle Ages Sextm Julius Africanus 阿非利加那 Eusebius 攸西比乌斯 St · Augustine 奥古斯丁

95. Sextm Julius Africanusc. 160-c. 240 Julius Africanus is the father of Christian chronography. The works of S. Julius Africanus are: (1) The "Chronicle" (Gk. Chronographiai) in five books, covering the time from the Creation (B.C. 5499 in his calculation) to the third year of Eliogabalus (A.D. 221). It is an attempt to combine the account in the Bible and the secular (Roman and Greek) history known to the author, with special regard to chronology; (2) The "Embroideries" (Gk. kestoi; compare the title of Clem. Alex.: stromata), also called "Puzzles" (Gk. paradoxa), is a kind of encyclopedia of sciences -- mathematics, botany, medicine, etc.

96. Eusebius of C æ sarea(a city in Palestine, 260-340) The Chronicle ---Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the “ Chronograph ” or “ Chronographies ” ; the second he terms the “ Canon ”, and also the “ Chronological Canons ”. It is brought down to the year 225. The "Chronography" is an epitome of universal history. It is divided into five parts: (1) the history of the Chaldeans, and the Assyrians, followed by lists of the Assyrian, Median, Lydian, and Persian kings; (2) Old Testament history; (3) Egyptian history; (4) Grecian history; (5) Roman history. The Church History The Life of Constantine On the Martyrs of Palestine

97. St. Augustine of Hippo (354- 430) The Confessions are the history of his heart; the Retractations, of his mind; while the Letters show his activity in the Church. In The City of God (begun in 413, but Books 20-22 were written in 426) Augustine answers the pagans, who attributed the fall of Rome (410) to the abolition of pagan worship. Considering this problem of Divine Providence with regard to the Roman Empire, he widens the horizon still more and in a burst of genius he creates the philosophy of history, embracing as he does with a glance the destinies of the world grouped around the Christian religion, the only one which goes back to the beginning and leads humanity to its final term. The City of God is considered as the most important work of the great bishop.

98. Historians of Middle Ages Gregoly, Paul, Bede, Lambert, Otto, Arnulf, Eunapius, Procopius, Psellos etc. Seen in textbook.

99. Characters of church history Put the fate of humanity under God control. Regard human history as a complete conflicting course between good and bad, the city of god and the city of earth. Religion, Legend, instead of Science, Historical relation became the main characters of this time.

100. The City of God (Selected) By St. Augustine of Hippo

101. Selections Book XIV Chap. 28 Of The Nature Of The Two Cities, The Earthly And The Heavenly Book XV. CHAP. 4 Of The Conflict And Peace Of The Earthly City Book 19. CHAP. 17. What Produces Peace, And What Discord, Between The Heavenly And Earthly Cities

102. Life of King Louis the Fat By Abbot Suger

103. Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis (1081-1151). Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St.- Denis and Its Art Treasures. Council of Louis 6th and Louis 7th. Author of Life of King Louis the Fat

104. Summary of Life of King Louis the Fat (1) PROLOGUE Chapter 1: How valiant he was in youth, and with what energy he repelled the king of the English, William Rufus, when he attacked Louis' inherited kingdom. Chapter 2: How he restrained Bouchard de Montmorency, a noble man, and all his followers from attacking St. Denis.

105. Summary of Life of King Louis the Fat (2) Chapter 3: How Count Matthew of Beaumont was forced to restore the castle of Luzarches to Hugh of Clermont when the Lord Louis had besieged that castle with powerful forces. Chapter 4: How when he was besieging another castle belonging to the same Matthew, Chambly, a sudden storm forced his army to flee; how without Louis' valiant resistance his army would have been all but wiped out; and how Matthew humbly gave him satisfaction.

106. Summary of Life of King Louis the Fat (3) Chapter 5: Concerning Ebles, Count of Roucy Chapter 6: The castle of Meung Chapter 7: The castle of Montaigu Chapter 8: How Milo entered the castle of Montlhery Chapter 9: Bohemond, prince of Antioch Chapter 10: Pope Paschal II's visit Chapter 11: Concerning the capture of castle of Gournay

107. Summary of Life of King Louis the Fat (4) Chapter 12: Concerning the capture of the castle of Sainte-Severe. Chapter 13: Of the death of King Philip. Chapter 14: Of his solemn elevation to the throne. Chapter 15: Of the Capture of La Ferte-Baudoin and the freeing of the Count of Corbeil and Anselm of Garlande. Chapter 16: Of the interview between King Louis and Henry, king of the English, of Neaufles.

108. Summary of Life of King Louis the Fat (5) Chapter 17: How William, his brother- in-law, committed treason against Guy at Roche-Guyon; of Guy's death and the prompt revenge taken against William. Chapter 18: How he seized the castles of Mantes and Montlhery from his brother Philip, despite Philip's resistance.

109. Basic Skills on History Papers Reading (2) Notes Taking

110. SEE : Importance on Notes-Taking S: time saving. E: easier to work later. E: easier to remember later.

111. Guidelines for notes-taking Use phrases instead of complete sentences. Avoid using unusual abbreviations as a form of shorthand in notes-taking. Identify facts and opinions as you take notes. Facts of common knowledge such as, Herodotus the father of history, do not have to be documented. When copying quotations, use ellipses if you omit a few words. Keep all your note cards until surely you do not need them.

112. PSCD: Methods for notes-taking Paraphrase: express the article in your own words. Summarize: put a long opinion in a few of words. Comment on: add your own opinion on the note card. Directly quote: just coping.

113. Format of note card Topic and source reference on the top Main idea in the middle Page number and card serial number at the bottom

114. UNIT THREE MODERN TIMES Goals Background Knowledge A Global History （ Selected ） by L.S. Stavrianos The Age of Capital （ Selected ） by Eric Hobsbawn The Significance of the Frontier in American History by Frederick Jackson Turner Basic Skills on History Papers Reading （Ⅲ ）

115.  Goals Learn the development of Western historiography in Modern Times. Study A Global History （ Selected ） by L.S. Stavrianos. Study The Age of Capital （ Selected ） by Eric Hobsbawn. Study The Significance of the Frontier in American History by Frederick Jackson Turner. Acquire advanced knowledge on history papers reading and basic skills on academic papers writing.

116.  Background Knowledge Introduction the Development of History in Modern Times Introduction Several Main Historians in This Age

117.  the Development of History in Modern Times The combining of history and pilitics The rise of Humanism History The appearance of Rationalism History The birth of Gottingen School The birth of Ranker School The birth of Markism History

118.  Introduction Several Main Historians in This Age 1) Machiavelli(1469-1527)  The father of modern political theory.  His most famous work is The Prince which was wroten in 1513.

119.  His other works include Florentine Histories, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius (commonly known as The Discourses), a Life of Castruccio Castrancani (unfinished), a History of the Affairs of Lucca, Seven Books on the Art of War.  Machiavelli's contribution lies in that he combined the historical facts and political theories together.

120. Guicciardini(148 3-1540)  Francesco Guicciardini (March 6, 1483 - May 22, 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance.  Guicciardini is considered as the Father of Modern History, due to his use of government documents to verify his "History of Italy."

121.  His History of Italy Guicciardini is, however, better known as the author of the History of Italy. He is an impartial spectator, a cold and curious critic. This want of feeling impairs the interest of his history. He does not seem to be aware that he is writing a great historical tragedy from his own times. He takes as much pains on a petty war with Pisa as in probing the papacy. Whatever he touches, lies already dead on the dissecting table. He fails to understand the vigour of the forces contending in Europe for mastery; this is very noticeable in what he writes about the Reformation. The History of Italy was still undoubtedly the greatest historical work that had appeared in the early modern era. It remains the solid monument of the Italian reason in the 16th century.

122. Flavio Biondo (1392-1463)  Flavio Biondo was an Italian Renaissance humanist historian. He was the historian who coined the term Middle Ages and is known as one of the first archaeologists.  His historical works Biondo's greatest works were Italy Illuminated, (written between 1448 and 1458, published 1474) and the Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire, (written from 1439 to 1453, published in 1483). Flavio Biondo's gravestone in Rome

123. His Italy Illuminated (1474) is a geography, based on the author's personal travels, and history of eighteen Italian provinces. Unlike medieval geographers, whose focus was regional, Biondo, taking Strabo (a geographer of acient Greece) for his model, reinstated the idea of Italy to include the whole of the peninsula. Through topography, he intended to link Antiquity with modern times, with descriptions of each location, the etymology of its toponym and its changes through time, with a synopsis of important events connected with each location. This first historical geography starts with the Roman Republic and Empire, through 400 years of barbarian invasions and an analysis of Charlemagne and later Holy Roman Emperors. He gives an excellent description of the humanist revival and restoration of the classics during the first half of the fifteenth century.

124. Flavio's greatest work is the Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire, a history of Europe in three "decades" and the start of a fourth, of thirty-two books from the plunder of Rome in 410 by Athanaric, to then current-day Italy in 1442. Using only the most reliable and primary sources, it was highly influential in furthering the chronological notion of a Middle Age that lay between the fall of Rome and Flavio's own time. It is the first work in which the term Middle Age is used; earlier Leonardo Bruni was the first to conceptualize the concept of a three-tiered history in his History of the Florentine People and a century earlier the concept of a Dark Ages had been laid out by Petrarch.

125. Lorenzo Valla (1407- 1457)  Lorenzo Valla was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator.  He believed that history is the foundation and core of all knowledge.  His book marks the birth of literature Collation.

126. Jean Bodin （ 1530 ～ 1596 ）  Bodin was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement (not to be confused with the English Parliament) of Paris and professor of Law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty.

127.  Bodin has made a contribution on the development of history. In 1566, he published The Means of Understanding History which is the first detailed books of history theory in Western Europe. He opposed the popular historical cycle theory and put forward the concept of historical progress. He pointed out that history is a special subject like science, he also proposed the geographical environment played a decisive role on the development of the history theory. At that time conditions, these ideas may be brilliant insights.

128. G.Vico (1668-1744)  He is an Italian famous jurist and historian.  He firstly dissertated on associations of literary and Historical.  He had repeatedly expressed the views in his book The New Science:

129. Poems must be the first family's historian of all ethnic groups. All ancient history origin myths. These myths initially were the true history. Before Herodotus, the history of the Greek peoples were written by their poems.

130. Leopolde von Ranke (1795— 1886)  He was a German historian of the 19th century, and frequently considered one of the founders of modern source-based history.  Ranke set the tone for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources, an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics and a commitment to writing history "as it essentially [was]".

131. Selected Readings A Global History （ Selected ） by L.S. Stavrianos  About L.S. Stavrianos L.S. Stavrianos (1913-2004 ) He was a Greek-Canadian historian. His most influential books are considered to be A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century and The Balkans since 1453. He was one of the very first historians who challenged the prejudiced Orientalist views of Ottoman Empire.

132. About A Globe History  This classic exploration of world history takes an interdisciplinary global (rather than a regional or national) approach--tracing those major forces, movements, and events that have had a world-wide impact. It stresses connections between the past, present and future, emphasizing the question "What does it mean for us today?"

133. About Selected Reading  Europe’s Science and Industrial Revolutions  Europe’s Political Revolutions  Detailed contents please see the textbook

134. The Age of Capital （ Selected ） by Eric Hobsbawn  About Eric Hobsbawn Eric Hobsbawn (1917- ) He is a British Marxist historian and author. He has written extensively on many subjects as one of Britain's most prominent historians. As a Marxist historiographer he has focused on analysis of the "dual revolution" (the political French revolution and the industrial British revolution. Hobsbawm has been described as "arguably our greatest living historian — not only Britain's, but the world's."

135. About The Age of Capital In this book, Eric Hobsbawm chronicles the events and trends that led to the triumph of private enterprise and its exponents in the years between 1848 and 1875. Along with Hobsbawm's other volumes, this book constitutes and intellectual key to the origins of the world in which we now live.

136. About Selected Reading  The spring time of peoples.  Detailed contents please see the textbook.

137. The Significance of the Frontier in American History by Frederick Jackson Turner  About Frederick Jackson Turner Frederick Jackson Turner (1861- 1932) is widely regarded, along with Charles A. Beard, as one of the two most influential American historians of the early 20th century. He is best known for his "Frontier Thesis”.

138. About The Significance of the Frontier in American History  Turner first published this paper in Chicago to the American Historical Association during the Chicago World's Fair in July 12, 1893. In it, he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness. This produced a new type of citizen - one with the power to tame the wild and one upon whom the wild had conferred strength and individuality.

139. Detailed contents please see the textbook 美国西海岸

140. Basic Skills on History Papers Reading （Ⅲ）  How to research a topic Defining Locating Selecting Organising Presenting Evaluating