1. AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813

2. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: Agricultural Revolution: –Wealthy bought more land  experimentation –Results: Tried new agricultural methods Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities –Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

4. Crop Rotation: –Improved medieval 3-field system –Ex: Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients) Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients) Year 3: Barley Year 4: Clover Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:

5. Why Britain?: –Natural Resources: Water power & coal – fuel machines Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings Rivers – inland transportation Harbors – merchant ships set sail Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:

6. Why Britain?: –Economic Expansion: Investment in new inventions Highly developed banking system Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress  increased demand for goods Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:

7. Why Britain?: –Political Stability: No wars on British soil Positive attitude Laws to encourage business Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital) Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:

8. Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors: Natural Resources: –Obstacle = political disunity –Coal-rich Ruhr Valley –Led to importation of British equipment, engineers –Sent children to England to learn industrial management

9. Railroads: –Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:

10. Meiji Reform: –Meiji = “enlightened rule” –Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism –Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down Industrialization in Japan Contributing Factors

11. Transportation: –James Watt – improved steam engine –Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat –England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods –Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained –Steam-powered locomotives Industrialization in England Process:

12. Rise of Cities: –Growth of factory system  city building and people shift toward cities (urbanization) –Built near sources of energy (coal & water) –London most important Industrialization in England Process:

13. Living & Working Conditions: –No development plans, sanitary & building codes –Lacked housing, education –Sickness widespread –Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk –Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury –Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap Industrialization in England Process:

15. Transportation: –See above Economy & Military: –Economic strength spurred ability to become military power Industrialization in Germany Process:

16. Industrialization in Japan Process: Transportation: –Followed industrialization –Early 1900s = modern economy –Built railroads

17. Industrialization in Japan Process: Westernization: –To counter western influence = modernize –Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways –Chose best & adapted –Modernized military

18. Modernization: –Coal production grew –Built thousands of factories –Expanded unique production (tea & silk) –Shipbuilding to be competitive with west Industrialization in Japan Process:

19. Industrialization Working Conditions: Industry created many new jobs Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline Long-Term Effect: –Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions

20. Industrialization Social Classes: Factory workers – overworked, underpaid Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class. Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were. Long-Term Effect: –Standard of living rose

21. Industrialization Size of Cities: Factories brought job seekers to cities Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size Many cities specialized in certain industries Long-Term Effect: –Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

22. Industrialization Living Conditions: Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls Housing, water, & social services were scarce Epidemics swept through the city Long-Term Effect: –Housing, diet, & clothing improved

23. Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality: Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products Began seizing colonies for economic resources  imperialism

24. Industrialization = tremendous economic power Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries Development of middle class – education & democratic participation  social reform Impact of Industrialization Transformation of Society:

25. Important Writings Adam Smith: Basic Ideas: –Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress –Government need not interfere in the economy Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

26. Important Writings Karl Marx: Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

27. Impact of Urbanization on Women Mixed Blessing: Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

28. Women formed unions in women- dominated fields Served as safety inspectors in women- dominated factories Impact of Urbanization on Women Reform Movements:

29. Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood Impact of Urbanization on Women Jane Adams:

31. Nationalism Unification of Germany: Led by Prussia Otto von Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I –Policy of Realpolitik: Tough power politics - no idealism Issues not decided by resolutions, but by “blood and iron” Allowed him to expand Prussia & achieve dominance

32. Germany Seven Weeks’ War (1866) Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia Prussia (superior training & equipment) humiliated Austria Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory Prussia took control of N. Germany – for 1 st time, E & W Prussia joined

33. Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Bismarck manufactured “incident” that caused France to declare war on Prussia Defeated and humiliated the French Bismarck became a national hero w/ victory Final stage in German unification S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian (Protestant) leadership King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor –Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st) Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron”

34. Nationalism Unification of Italy: Led by Sardinia Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister under Victor Emmanuel II –Worked to expand Sardinian Empire –Succeeded through war, alliances, & help of nationalist rebels –Red Shirts – Garibaldi-rebel leader –Unified Italy in process

35. Germany & Italy - Similarities Leaders were aristocrats Nations united by nationalism One state led unification Prussia led German unification Sardinia led Italian unification

36. Japan Modernization Pays Off for Japan By 1890, Japan had: –Several dozen warships –500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers –Became strongest military power in Asia

37. Japan Japan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners 1894 – foreign powers accepted it Strength & feeling of equality rose Became more imperialistic-needed resources for industry.

38. Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): Causes: –Russia refused to stay out of Korea –Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria

39. Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): Results: –Destruction of Russian navy –Humiliation of Russia and Czar Nicholas II –Territorial gains for Japan (Manchuria & Korea) –Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria & Korea