1. AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism
CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES CHAPTER 25 – PAGES CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES

2. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Agricultural Revolution:
Wealthy bought more land  experimentation
Results:
Tried new agricultural methods
Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities
Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

4. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Crop Rotation:
Improved medieval 3-field system
Ex:
Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients)
Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients)
Year 3: Barley
Year 4: Clover

5. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Why Britain?:
Natural Resources:
Water power & coal – fuel machines
Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings
Rivers – inland transportation
Harbors – merchant ships set sail

6. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Why Britain?:
Economic Expansion:
Investment in new inventions
Highly developed banking system
Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress  increased demand for goods

7. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Why Britain?:
Political Stability:
No wars on British soil
Positive attitude
Laws to encourage business
Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

8. Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:
Natural Resources:
Obstacle = political disunity
Coal-rich Ruhr Valley
Led to importation of British equipment, engineers
Sent children to England to learn industrial management

9. Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:
Railroads:
Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley

10. Industrialization in Japan Contributing Factors
Meiji Reform:
Meiji = “enlightened rule”
Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism
Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down

11. Industrialization in England Process:
Transportation:
James Watt – improved steam engine
Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat
England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods
Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained
Steam-powered locomotives

12. Industrialization in England Process:
Rise of Cities:
Growth of factory system  city building and people shift toward cities (urbanization)
Built near sources of energy (coal & water)
London most important

13. Industrialization in England Process:
Living & Working Conditions:
No development plans, sanitary & building codes
Lacked housing, education
Sickness widespread
Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk
Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury
Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap

15. Industrialization in Germany Process:
Transportation:
See above
Economy & Military:
Economic strength spurred ability to become military power

16. Industrialization in Japan Process:
Transportation:
Followed industrialization
Early 1900s = modern economy
Built railroads

17. Industrialization in Japan Process:
Westernization:
To counter western influence = modernize
Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways
Chose best & adapted
Modernized military

18. Industrialization in Japan Process:
Modernization:
Coal production grew
Built thousands of factories
Expanded unique production (tea & silk)
Shipbuilding to be competitive with west

19. Industrialization Working Conditions:
Industry created many new jobs
Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous
Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
Long-Term Effect:
Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions

20. Industrialization Social Classes:
Factory workers – overworked, underpaid
Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.
Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.
Long-Term Effect:
Standard of living rose

21. Industrialization Size of Cities:
Factories brought job seekers to cities
Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size
Many cities specialized in certain industries
Long-Term Effect:
Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

22. Industrialization Living Conditions:
Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
Housing, water, & social services were scarce
Epidemics swept through the city
Long-Term Effect:
Housing, diet, & clothing improved

23. Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality:
Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries
Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products
Began seizing colonies for economic resources  imperialism

24. Impact of Industrialization Transformation of Society:
Industrialization = tremendous economic power
Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries
Development of middle class – education & democratic participation  social reform

25. Important Writings Adam Smith:
Basic Ideas:
Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
Government need not interfere in the economy
Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

26. Important Writings Karl Marx:
Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people
Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

27. Impact of Urbanization on Women Mixed Blessing:
Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home
Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

28. Impact of Urbanization on Women Reform Movements:
Women formed unions in women-dominated fields
Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories

29. Impact of Urbanization on Women Jane Adams:
Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood

31. Nationalism Unification of Germany:
Led by Prussia
Otto von Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I
Policy of Realpolitik:
Tough power politics - no idealism
Issues not decided by resolutions, but by “blood and iron”
Allowed him to expand Prussia & achieve dominance

32. Germany Seven Weeks’ War (1866)
Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia
Prussia (superior training & equipment) humiliated Austria
Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy
Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory
Prussia took control of N. Germany – for 1st time, E & W Prussia joined

33. Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Bismarck manufactured “incident” that caused France to declare war on Prussia
Final stage in German unification
S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian (Protestant) leadership
King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor
Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st)
Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron”

34. Nationalism Unification of Italy:
Led by Sardinia
Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister under Victor Emmanuel II
Worked to expand Sardinian Empire
Succeeded through war, alliances, & help of nationalist rebels
Unified Italy in process

35. Germany & Italy - Similarities
Leaders were aristocrats
Nations united by nationalism
One state led unification

36. Japan Modernization Pays Off for Japan
By 1890, Japan had:
Several dozen warships
500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers
Became strongest military power in Asia

37. Japan Japan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State
Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations
Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners
1894 – foreign powers accepted it
Strength & feeling of equality rose
Became more imperialistic

38. Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
Causes:
Russia refused to stay out of Korea
Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria

39. Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
Results:
Destruction of Russian navy
Territorial gains for Japan
Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria & Korea

40. Reaction to Foreign Domination Young Turks:
Progressive group that believed in liberalism, constitutionalism, materialism, centralized government, and nationalism
Opposed imperialism
Impact:
Tradition of dissent shaped political and intellectual life in late Ottoman period
State was instrument for social/political change
Ideals helped form early modern Turkish state

41. Forces of Imperialism Motives:
Economic competition for markets & raw materials
National pride
Racism
Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize” non-European peoples

42. Forces of Imperialism Technological Advantages over Africa:
Superior weapons
Railroads, cables, steamships
Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria

43. Forces of Imperialism Factors Making Africa Vulnerable:
Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures
Ethnic rivalries
Lower level of technology, including weapons

44. Division of Africa Berlin Conference of 1884 & 1885:
Agreement among 14 European nations about how to divide Africa among European countries
Outcomes:
Random distribution of African ethnic & linguistic groups among European nations
Transformation of the way of life of Africans

46. “From Cairo to Cape Town”

47. Division of Africa Clash in South Africa:
Zulus
Shaka – created large centralized state
Successors unable to keep together against British superior arms – British invaded 1879
Fell to British control in 1887
Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners
1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa
British
Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed with Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves

48. Division of Africa Boer War (1899-1910):
Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s
Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla tactics
British burned farms & imprisoned women & children
Britain finally won
Outcome:
Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by British

49. French Control of Indochina How Brought Under Control:
Missionaries were killed
French army invaded Vietnam
Combined it with Laos and Cambodia

50. French Control of Indochina Method of Control:
Direct control
French themselves filled all important positions in gov’t

51. French Control of Indochina Economic Policies:
Discouraged local industry
Rice became major export crop

52. French Control of Indochina Colonial Impact:
Imposed French culture
All schools, courts, & businesses followed French models
↓ of local industries
Less food for peasants

53. Japanese in Asia War with China (Sino-Japanese War) (1894-1895):
How it started:
Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who asked China for military help
Chinese troops marched into Korea
Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its troops to fight the Chinese
Consequences:
Destruction of Chinese navy
Beginning of Japanese colonial empire
Change to world’s balance of power
Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers (& enemies) in Asia

54. Japanese in Asia Occupation of Korea:
Annexed Korea – brought under control
Ruled Korea harshly
Established very repressive gov’t that denied rights to Korea
Inspired Korean nationalist movement

55. Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China):
Setting the Stage:
China self-sufficient, little trade w/ west  favorable balance of trade
Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would buy in large quantities  found it in opium
Many Chinese became addicted

56. Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China):
Causes:
Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped  Britain refused to stop

57. Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China):
Results & Effects:
Chinese defeat & humiliation
Cession of Hong Kong to Britain
Continuation of opium trade
Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens
Chinese resentment against foreigners

58. Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China):
Setting the Stage:
Population provided major challenge growing 30% in only 60 years

59. Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China):
Causes:
Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed enormous population
Increasing opium addiction
Poverty

60. Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China):
Results & Effects:
Rebellion put down
Restoration of Qing to power (with help of British and French forces)
20 million people died

61. Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Perry Arrives in Tokyo:
Arrives with letter from U.S. President Fillmore
Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade
Perry gave threat that he would return with larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply
Purpose: shock & frighten Japanese into accepting trade with U.S.

62. Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854):
Japan opened two ports where ships could take supplies

63. Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Benefits to U.S.A.:
Gained rights to trade at those two ports
Opened door for other W powers

64. Effects of Imperialism Colonization:
Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America

65. Effects of Imperialism Colonial Economics:
Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies

66. Effects of Imperialism Christianization:
Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia