1. Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?

2. Jerusalem Jews: Abraham was prepared to sacrifice Isaac/Temples. Christians: Jesus was crucified. Muslims: Muhammad ascended into heaven; Dome of the Rock.

5. Christians v. Muslims The Crusades Pope Urban II – launched the First Crusade in 1095 to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims (Turks) Jerusalem was captured in 1099 and all the Muslims and Jews were slaughtered. YouTube - Crusades 1

6. The Crusades Saladin recovers Jerusalem for the Muslims in 1187. He spares the lives of all the Christians; truce is declared; Muslims allow Christian Pilgrims to travel to the Holy Land. Other Crusades were organized, but were never as large as the First Crusade. Turks become “Protectors of the Faith” in Islam. YouTube - Crusades 2

7. Jewish Discrimination Removed from Jerusalem 2000 years ago by the Romans. Faced with discrimination Prohibited from certain jobs Tortured and killed for their beliefs

8. Examples of Historical Discrimination Black Plague Expulsion from France and England Exodus from Spain in 1492 “Christ Killers”… Pontius Pilate frees Barabus not Jesus Jewish people are faced with discrimination everywhere they go

9. Discrimination in the years leading up to World War I (1914) Russian Pogroms (“Devastation”) Organized campaign to instill fear and cause harm to Jewish people. French Dreyfus Affair Jewish general falsely accused of sending secret documents to German embassy in Paris. Will be straightened out eventually, however, this event was used as propaganda against the Jewish people.

10. Theodor Herzl Founder of Zionism Nationalism- every ethnic group deserves a home Will increase in popularity as anti-sentiment increases in time.

11. Zionism The Jewish people’s desire to obtain a homeland. Balfour Declaration: A letter from British government (James Balfour) to Walter Rothschild.

12. “ Foreign Office, November 2nd, 1917. Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet: "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non- Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country". I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely Arthur James Balfour ”

13. Nazi Holocaust Hitler—uses the Jewish people as a scapegoat for all the problems of the once great, fallen empire.

14. Concentration Camps Three types of camps: Concentration Labor Death

15. Jewish People Killed under Nazi Rule Original Population Killed under Nazi’s % Surviving Poland 3,300,0002,800,00015% Soviet Union 2,100,0001,500,00029% Hungary 404,000200,00049% Romania 850,000425,00050% Germany/ Austria 270,000210,00022%

18. Netanyahu Likud party- “consolidation” (unification) Campaign: national security Likud party: will never agree to the return of the pre-war 1967 borders Will not negotiate with terrorists Accusation against Livni of giving up Jerusalem

19. Livni Kadima party – “forward” Willing to possibly make concessions to Palestinians. Used to work for Mossad 1980s- Ran missions to kill Palestinian Terrorists. “Terrorist Killer” in the past… possibly more willing to make concessions than the Lukid.

20. Quote on Livni: “Tzipi was not an office girl… She was a clever women with an IQ of 150. She blended in well in European capitals, working with male agents, most of them ex- commandos, taking out Arab terrorists.”

21. Questions? Why are these elections being held? Ehud Olmert resigns… accused of corruption Under the presidency of Barack Obama, what would you infer is the current United State’s stand on the issue? Negotiate for peace with both political parties. The Kadima party is slightly more promising than the others Why do you think it is difficult for Middle Eastern leaders to make peace? Extremist groups don’t want peace on BOTH sides… Yitzhak Rabin assassinated in 1995 by one of his own for negotiating with PLO’s Yasser Arafat.

22. Cold War Why is the United States hesitant to directly support Israel against the Arab nations? USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs Hypothetical situation Add into the mix: Nuclear Bomb Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US, USSR, and the entire world.

23. Partitioning of Palestine After World War II ends in 1948, the British and United nations decide to divide Palestine into two regions UN General Assembly Resolution 181 Provinces Jerusalem- an international city, where all could travel to freely Sound familiar? West Bank- Arab Territory Gaza Strip- Arab Territory Golan Heights- Arab Territory

24. Israeli Conflicts War of 1948- Israel Created… one day later attacked by six nations… Egypt Jordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Syria Iraq

25. Israel defeats Six Nations HOW??? Arab nations have trouble coordinating with one another…. Don’t listen to one another Israel supported financially (if not militarily) by many nations/ Golda Meir Infrastructure of Israel already exists Backed into a corner… fighting for survival

27. Israeli Conflicts 1956- Suez Crisis… “"Hospitality is one thing, surrendering the canal is another” Gamal Abdel Nasser -Originally controlled by British -Taken over by Egypt -In response, British will ask Israel to reclaim the canal. -Israel easily invades and will seize control…

28. Golan Heights- Syria 1)Strategic for military purpose 2)Control of water ways (Jordan River)

30. Nasser continued “We are eager for battle in order to force the enemy to awake from his dreams and meet Arab reality face to face.” -- 1967

31. Six Day War (1967) Fear of an imminent attack from bordering Arab nations force Israel to attack first. Extremely successful In a little less than six days, Israel defeats Arab Nations… only losing 800 troops in opposition too the Arabs 15,000 (approximately 1:16 ratio)

33. “IDF soldiers Zion Karasanti, Yitzhak Yifat and Haim Oshrí, at Jerusalem's Western Wall shortly after its capture on June 7, 1967 and 40 years later.”

34. How and why would the Arab World attempt to strike at the US for its support of Israel? 1. Terrorism – Islamic Fundamentalism 2. Economics – OPEC Oil Embargo

35. Recap of the Arab-Israeli Wars Who seems to have the upper hand in the conflict? What are the main issues that the Israeli’s and Arabs are fighting over? Is there a simple solution to the problem at hand?

36. Islamic Fundamentalism 1967 - Six Day War had shown many Muslims that God had turned away from them; Decisive victory for the Jews; It was a humiliating defeat for Muslims. Islamic Fundamentalism – the only way back to God was to return to pure religion. Islam at its founding – the time of Mohammed Strict interpretation of the Koran; Sharia Law Jihad – wage war against those that insult Islam. “Near Enemy” – impure Muslim society; secular “Distant Enemy” – the West; secular; pro Israel

37. Sayyid Qutb Arrested under Nasser administration. Why? Very intelligent Studied in Greeley, Colorado @ Colorado State Teachers College

38. Qutb continued Developed hatred towards American way of life In charge of newspaper that went against Nasser’s western peace policies. Will be hanged under Nasser administration Ran a newspaper Accused of trying to plan a revolt against Nasser

39. Left- Anwar Sadat B. Left- Younger Golda Meir Down- Golda Meir

40. Surprise Attack in 1973 On Yom Kippur, Anwar Sadat (Nasser’s successor) sends army out to catch Israeli’s off guard. Success at first, but land will be reclaimed by Israel, under prime minister Golda Meir. Truce is agreed too for the time being. Known as the Yom Kippur War.

41. Cold War Why is the United States hesitant to directly support Israel against the Arab nations? USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs Hypothetical situation Add into the mix: Nuclear Bomb Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US, USSR, and the entire world.

42. OPEC Formed in Baghdad 1960 Stationed in Vienna, Austria Goal: To regulate oil prices Original members Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Venezuela

43. US Interferes in Yom Kippur War Help to re-supply the Israeli’s after the Arabs surprise attack them via airlift. Tensions increasing between US and Arab nations. US has supported Israel since 1948

44. Oil Embargo of 1973-74 American demand for resources American cheap prices What would be the best way to get back at the United States for being sympathetic for Israel?

46. Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) Punishment to America for helping Israel during Yom Kippur conflict Stop shipping oil to the US “You should pay more for oil. Let’s say ten times more.” –1973 Shah of Iran increasing prices by 70% to America's Western European allies. Overnight, the price of a barrel of oil to these nations rose from $3 to $5.11. [In January 1974, they raised it further to $11.65.]

47. What does the United States do? $1 Million to $400 Million Alternative energy resources Solar Power Wind Power Arctic Drilling?

48. Case Study: General Motors (GM) 1970s- Number 1 Car Maker in the World Had begun research on alternative fuels Electric cars using Fuel Cells How does this work? Similar to a battery… except runs on a never ending cycle.

49. If GM began this research, and were the leading researcher, then why are we not driving them today? Profit: General Motors could make more money selling gas guzzling SUVs Who leads in Fuel Cell research today? Is it too late for General Motors to make the shift over?

50. Prudhoe bay- Population in 2000: 5 1977- 20% of US oil consumption comes from Alaska. Risks involved? Is this the right solution? What are some other alternatives?

51. Review 1.) What event caused the Arab world to direct there attention towards the United States? Yom Kippur War 2.) What are the two ways they try to strike back at America? OPEC (economics) Terrorism (guerilla)

52. Outline Two attempts for peace Camp David Accords Oslo Agreements The Two State Solution- is it a good idea?

53. Camp David Peace Accords US President Jimmy Carter hosts a negotiation conference between Egypt and Israel. After 13 days, Egypt recognized Israel as a nation. Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. 30 years of hostilities end? Anwar Sadat receives Nobel Peace Prize

54. 1977 Times Magazine Man of the Year "We used to reject you, true. We refused to meet you anywhere, true. We referred to you as the 'so- called Israel,' true. At international conferences our representatives refused to exchange greetings with you, true. At the 1973 Geneva Peace Conference our delegates did not exchange a single direct word with you, true. Yet today we agree to live with you in permanent peace and justice. Israel has become an accomplished fact recognized by the whole world and the superpowers. We welcome you to live among us in peace and security." --Anwar Sadat

55. Reaction to Camp David Accords Sadat will be assassinated by Muslim Extremists Acts of terrorism increase in Israel as a result Intifada- “uprising” of the Palestinians

56. Oslo Peace Accords Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agrees to grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza Strip and West Bank (Two State Solution) Will result in the assassination of Rabin by an Israeli extremist Second Intifada- Suicide Bombers Rabin is assassinated by Jewish extremists

57. Failure to find peace The more attempts that are made for peace, the angrier Islamic fundamentalists get. Around 2000, the Second Intifada begins Suicide Bombings Qassem Rockets

58. Two State Solution? http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/23/60minu tes/main4749723.shtml

59. Peace Negotiations Ultimately Fail

60. Iran Shah: Mohammed Reza Pahlavi- Westernized Ayatollah: Ruholla Khomeini- Fundamentalist

61. Iranian Revolution (1979) 1953- Overthrow the Democratically elected government of Mohammad Mosaddeq USA restores Shah to power Shah Pahlavi embraces Western governments & oil companies Cultural Clash: Modern West vs. Traditional Islam Ayatollah Khomeini: Iranian conservative Muslim leader - lives in exile for speaking against Pahlavi. 1978 - Khomeini sparks riots in Iran; Shah flees Theocratic government established; Sharia Law Anti-Western; Anti- American 1979 – Shah seeks treatment in the United States… Iran demands his return Muslim radicals take control in Iran - increasing tensions with Iraq (secular)

62. Perspectives United States Occurs before Yom Kippur War and Oil Embargo Need Oil to keep up living standards for typical Americans Consider Iranian actions to be communist WWI/WWII success; riding the wave Iran US has no right to interfere in Iranian politics American government is greedy Actions are not acceptable, revenge is necessary. US= “The Great Satan” Want the Shah to undergo trial How do they do this?

63. American Hostage Crisis Khomeini takes control of Iran Encourages extremists to seize US Embassy in Tehran 66 American hostages 444 days Demand that the US make Shah Pahlavi face trial Will release everyone by 1981

64. What was life like for these 444 days? “But the student radicals knew little of the world and its ways, let alone the difference between a diplomat and a spy. They saw an operative with James Bond-like powers in every corner. One interrogator questioned State Department security officer Alan Golacinski about his digital watch, convinced that it was a secret radio.” “Some hostages were badly beaten. Others faced terrifying mock executions. A few were thrown in solitary confinement. Bowden skillfully gets inside the minds of the hostages, vividly describing their churning emotions and harrowing experiences.“ -- Guests of the Ayatollah

67. Iran vs. Iraq: Who does the US favor? Iran Had just undergone a revolution Khomeini does not like the United States Iraq: Saddam Hussein 5 th President of Iraq: Dictatorship Ran a secular government Followed Nasser as a model Thought of himself as one who would bring modernization to Iraq

68. Conflict with Iran 1980- Iraq invades Iran Border Disputes WWI? Trenches, Poison Gas, over 1,000,000 die Nothing is settled, UN negotiated ceasefire in 1988

69. Interference: From who else? US will tend to take Iraq’s side in the war. Interesting side note 1983: Ronald Reagan/Donald Rumsfeld January 2001- December 18, 2006. US Secretary of Defense

70. 1990- Iraq invades Kuwait Out of fear of a Saudi invasion, they invade first and take control of oil fields in Kuwait UN economic sanctions fail By early 1991, 39 nations declared war on Saddam Hussein and Iraq Who are most of these nations? Iraq leaves Kuwait and agrees to a cease fire

72. Persian Gulf War aka Operation Desert Storm Scorched Earth Policy Burning of Oil Effects? Then? Now? Effects of Kuwait War 3:05-6:30 Effects of Kuwait War 3:05-6:30

73. United States on Arabian Penninsula Following the Gulf War, the US Coalition remains. Infuriates fundamentalists Believe that they would contaminate the holy sights Infidel army angers those such as Osama Bin Laden

74. How about Afghanistan? 1950s  Soviet influence increasing 1979  Soviets invade 1980s  “Mujahedeen” ”holy warriors” stage a revolt Looming Tower

75. War in Afghanistan (1979-89) 1979 - Soviets invade Afghanistan Muslims come to defend Afghanistan; Holy War- Soviet Infidels Muslim Rebels (Mujahedeen) fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons 1989 - Soviets withdraw; Holy Warriors defeat a Superpower – Taliban rises; Base for Al Qaeda

77. The Looming Tower: Hijira 1.)The title of the chapter is Hijira. Who is Osama Bin Laden comparing himself to? How does he try to make that connection? Comparing himself to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam Osama: Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan Muhammad: Mecca to Medina -Angry Muslim child. Why? A Danish publication of Muhammad

78. 2.) What was Afghanistan like when Bin Laden arrived? Suffering from 20 years of war Highwaymen: Depiction of chaos Insufficient funds… would take a child Government had been turning towards modernity

79. 4.) Who are the Taliban? Who made the Taliban into a “formidable” army? Were unorganized, but powerful Were able to take over from President Rabbani Supported by Pakistani intelligence 5.) Define Wahhabism. Where is it popular? Ideology: A return to fundamental practices of first three generations of Islamic history. Saudi Arabia

80. 6.) What other country supported the Taliban and what was the connection? Pakistan Had set up schools that had helped many Taliban students

81. Mullah Omar Well known for having been a fierce fighter in war against the Soviet Union. What do we know about him? Not much Refused to be photographed Tall; about 6’6” Wounded while battling Soviets from shrapnel

82. 7.) Who was Mullah Mohammed Omar? What was his vision? How did he succeed in achieving his goal? Ruled Taliban in Afghanistan; declared himself “The Ruler of All Muslims”. Vision: To put an end to chaos brought about by the War with USSR Supported by many people Ancient robe/parades around with hands in the sleeves/cholera epidemic/rapture People want one ruler and stability “Corruption and moral disintegration had gripped the land.”

83. Quick Question Mullah Omar and the Taliban would be considered Islamic Fundamentalists who takes his beliefs to the extreme. Is there a such thing as a Christian Fundamentalist? Evangel Pentecostal Christians North Dakota Summer Camp Documentary called Jesus Camp Jesus Camp Sharia in America?

84. 8.) What do the madrassas teach the refugee boys that attend them? Why do they live in the shadows of their fathers? The fundamentals of Wahhabism Portrayed as sissies and beggers Studied the Koran/Sharia Glorification of the Jihad War against infidels Success of fathers Had taken down a superpower Mujahideen eager to get their own glory

85. Taliban fueled by 3 streams 1.) Money and arms from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan 2.) Afghan refugee students from Pakistan Exclusively male world Studied Koran/Perfection of a Muslim World 3.) Opium- Under Taliban, Afghanistan became the number one Opium exporter in the world

86. 9.) Why was Opium significant to the Taliban? Served as the main source of income for Taliban. Number 1 poppy exporter in the world Worked alongside drug dealers and smugglers

87. 10.) What is the Islamists dream, and how does Omar tap into this? To find stability and unification under one ruler. Omar tried to be this man Wearing of the cloak 11.) What happened to women under the Taliban? What effect did this have overall? Stay in residences Loss of self-expression Health Care/Civil Service destroyed 40% doctors 50% gov’t workers 70% teachers

88. 12.) What were some of the things banned by the Taliban? Kite flying Dog racing Trained pigeons Unclean Things: Pork, pig, pig oil, anything made of human hair Cinema, Satellite dishes Cameras Pool Tables Chess Masks Alcohol Tapes Computers VCR Television Sexual propaganda Wine Lobster Nail Polish Firecrackers Statues Sewing catalogues Pictures Christmas cards

89. Plato: Allegory of the Cave People accept the reality of which they are given.

90. 13.) “Throw reason to the dogs, it stinks of corruption.” - Taliban This sign was posted on the office of the religious police. People embrace it: desperate and exhausted from twenty years of war. How is this similar to the enlightenment? Enlightenment served as a means of exposing corruption… the Taliban, by American standards, an anti-enlightenment 14.) Why do most Afghani’s embrace the Taliban rule at first? Desperate Didn’t think that things could get any worse

91. 15.) What is symbolic of the cave in Islam? How does bin laden use it? Seen as an escape from Western world Stalactites- drips that hang from caves, often used in Islamic art. Muhammad in cave in Medina had encounter with Gabrielle. Enemies pursue, protected by magic spider web Tora Bora: Modern cave with ‘enhanced’ defense (computers and ammunition).

92. 16.) How does bin Laden see himself as personifying the Umma? Umma- Muslim Community Attack on one is an attack on all Bin laden, seeing himself as the prophet, sees himself as the ideal leader of the Umma Wants to start a war of terror against the United States 17.) When bin Laden declares war on the US, what grievances does he mention? 1.) “Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places. Medina and Mecca after first Gulf War 2.) US interest in middle- eastern oil.

93. 18.) Who is Khaled Sheikh Mohammed? Who is his nephew? Why do you think Mohammed sought out Bin Laden? Man who visits Osama bin Laden at Tora Bora cave. Nephew: Ramzi Yousef Mohammed wanted to discuss plans with bin Laden about how they could try to terrorize the United States.

94. 19.) What are some schemes Mohammed and bin Laden discuss? Plan to bomb 12 American jumbo jets (called Operation Bojinka) Actually happened, was a success An assassination of Bill Clinton in 1994 Had route sketched out while visiting Manila in 1994 An assassination of Pope John Paul II Planned to get priest cassocks. These plans were encrypted on Yousef’s hard drive, which was captured Flying airplanes into buildings Bin laden claims not to know Mohammed personally

95. 1993: World Trade Center Bombing Planned by a group including Ramzi Yousef; Khaled Sheik Mohammed’s uncle. Plan Car bomb in parking deck supposed to knock North tower into South tower, bringing them down. Kills 6, injure about a thousand, but ultimate goal is a failure. Intentions Before the attack, Yousef sent a demand to NY newspapers to: A.) US stops sending aid to Israel B.) Stop having diplomatic relations with Israel C.) US stops interference with all Middle Eastern countries

96. How did many of the things discussed in this chapter come together in a “perfect storm,” culminating with the September 11 th attacks?

97. September 11, 2001 Rationale: “Injustices against Muslim people by Israel and the United States.” “… if killing those who kill our sons is terrorism, then let history be witness that we are terrorists.”—Osama Bin Laden

98. US Invades Afghanistan (2001) Operation Enduring Freedom Capture Bin Laden Destroy Al-Qaeda Remove Taliban regime who allowed a safe- haven for Al-Qaeda International Security Assistance Force Created by the United Nations Coalition of over 30 nations

99. US invades Iraq (2003) Reasons for Invading Weapons of mass destruction Supporting Al-Qaeda Abuse of Human Rights and financial assistance to Palestinian suicide bombers. Saddam Hussein Executed at Camp Justice in Baghdad Sunni vs. Shiite?

100. What is the best way to find peace? Land for Peace: US Perspective Israel: Give back land to Palestinians that they acquired in Six Day War. Israel: Leave Arab area’s and allow them self-rule Palestinians: Peace and recognition of Israel

101. Extra Credit Opportunity (+2) 3-5 minute presentation on: Terrorist attacks of: 1998 US Embassies in Africa (Tanzania and Kenya) 2000 USS Cole 5 W’s: Who, What, When, Where, Why Significance Relation to any current events?