1. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… EMERGY and Environmental Accounting Lecture 1 ~ 3 Mark T. Brown Sergio F. Ulgiati

2. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Organization of Lecture:  Brief review of the concepts of energy hierarchy and definitions of emergy and related quantities.  Overview of global emergy flows  Emergy and transformities of many products and processes of the biosphere  Several case studies of evaluations of energy technologies.  A summary discussion Emergy Analysis (EMA) compared with Embodied Energy Analysis (EEA).

3. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… A. Emergy Concepts and Principles… Emergy, transformity, specific emergy, relationship to money, etc…

4. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy: the energy of one type that is embodied in any form of energy, good, or service. Sometimes thought of as…. ENERGY MEMORY EMPOWER = emergy per time EMPOWER DENSITY = empower per area A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

5. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… ENERGY... The ability to cause work. Since all energy can be converted 100% to heat, it is convenient to express energy in heat units…btu’s calories, joules. A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

6. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… There are many “forms” of energy…. Sunlight… Wind… Geopotential energy of elevated water… Fuel… Electricity… Information... A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

7. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Not all forms of energy are equivalent... sunlight = wind = fuels = electricity While they can all be converted to heat…one cannot say that calories of one form of energy are equal to calories of another form in their ability to cause work... A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

8. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Work may be thought of as an energy transformation process… two or more energies are “processed” to make another form of energy.

9. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Energy Quality…  related to concentration.  flexibility  ease of transportation  convertibility A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

10. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… A. Emergy Concepts and Principles… Energy Quality…  The concept of quality required a new concept of energy.  A concept of energy that recognized that not all forms of energy have the same qualities  A quantitative means of measuring quality….

11. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… EMERGY EMERGY - The energy required directly and indirectly to make something  Expressed in energy of the same FORM … usually solar energy  Sometimes called Energy Memory = Emergy  Similar to Embodied Energy  Units = Solar Emergy joules = sej A. Emergy Concepts and Principles… Energy Quality…

12. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… EMERGY EMERGY - The energy (of one form) required directly and indirectly to make something A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

13. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Units of EMERGY... Solar emergy joules… or Solar emjoules… or “sej” A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

14. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… A. Emergy Concepts and Principles… Hierarchy… A hierarchy is a form of organization resembling a pyramid where each level is subordinate to the one above it. …in ecology, hierarchical organization is a group of processes arranged in order of rank or class in which the functions at each higher level become more broadly embracing than at the lower level. Thus we often speak of food- chains as hierarchical in organization.

15. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… All systems are organized as hierarchies…. Many small components and fewer and fewer larger components. B. Review of concepts and definitions... Hierarchy…

16. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Food chain…with each successive energy transformation, there is less energy, but of a higher quality B. Review of concepts and definitions...

17. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Energy Chain… the food chain can be thought of as an energy transformation chain. At each transformation step some energy is degraded and some is passed to the next step in the chain. B. Review of concepts and definitions...

18. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… The 20th century energy food chain of techno-humans… B. Review of concepts and definitions...

19. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… B. Review of concepts and definitions... Emergy Intensities… The amount of emergy required to produce a given amount of mass or energy of a product Output = Joules or grams Emergy Intensity = Output in Emergy Output (Joules or grams

20. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Intensities… B. Review of concepts and definitions...  If units are Sej/J they are called Transformities  If units are sej/g they are called Specific Emergies  We also use Sej/$

21. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy intensities are a kind of efficiency measure, since they relate all the outputs from processes to their inputs. The lower the transformity or specific emergy the more efficient the conversion. Emergy Intensities… B. Review of concepts and definitions...

22. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3…  It follows from the second law that there are some minimum emergy intensities for processes, which are consistent with maximum power operations.  While there is no way to calculate them directly, the lowest emergy intensity found in long-operating systems is used as an approximation.  When estimating a theoretical potential of some system, it is appropriate to use the best (lowest) emergy intensity known. Emergy Intensities… B. Review of concepts and definitions...

23. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy and Solar Transformity... B. Review of concepts and definitions...

24. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Typical Solar Transformities B. Review of concepts and definitions...

25. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3…  By using a standard conversion factor, we can express emergy in dollar equivalents…  In the same way as we could express dollars in energy equivalents..ie liters of gas EmDollars… the money equivalent of emergy. A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

26. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy/Money Ratio… USA A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

27. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emdollars of the US Economy Total Emergy Use Gross Domestic Product = 1.0 E12 sej/dollar So... Every dollar spent in US economy has “embodied” in it, 1 E 12 sej of emergy A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

28. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 3.6 E18 sej/yr 1.0 E12 sej/$ = 3.6 E6 em$ Express emergy as Emdollars for ease of recognition... An emergy input of 3.6 E18 sej/yr… becomes... 3.6 E6 Em$ A. Emergy Concepts and Principles…

29. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Environmental support of human economy... B. Review of concepts and definitions...

30. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Relationship of money to emergy... B. Review of concepts and definitions...

31. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Environmental - Economic Interface System B. Review of concepts and definitions...

32. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Benefit to Purchaser... B. Review of concepts and definitions...

33. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Relationship of emergy, money, and the economic concept of “value added” B. Review of concepts and definitions...

34. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3…  Emergy accounting uses the thermodynamic basis of all forms of energy, materials and human services, but converts them into equivalents of one form of energy.  Emergy accounting is organized as a top down approach where first a system diagram of the process is drawn to organize the evaluation and account for all inputs and outflows.  Tables of the actual flows of materials, labor and energy are constructed from the diagram and all flows are evaluated.  The final step of an emergy evaluation involves interpreting the quantitative results. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

35. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3…  In some cases, the evaluation is done to determine fitness of a development proposal.  In others, it may be a question of comparing different alternatives, or  the evaluation may be seeking the best use of resources to maximize economic vitality. So the final step in the evaluation is to calculate several emergy indices that relate emergy flows of the system being evaluated to predict economic viability, carrying capacity, or fitness. Evaluating Alternatives… C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

36. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3…  Recently the evaluation process has been termed “Emergy Synthesis”.  Synthesis is the act of combining elements into coherent wholes. Rather than dissect and break apart systems and build understanding from the pieces upward, emergy synthesis strives for understanding by grasping the wholeness of systems.  By evaluating complex systems using emergy methods, the major inputs from the human economy and those coming “free” from the environment can be integrated to analyze questions of public policy and environmental management holistically C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure… Emergy Synthesis

37. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 1. Left-right Energy Systems Diagram Systems diagrams are used to show the inputs that are evaluated and summed to obtain the emergy of a resulting flow or storage. The purpose of the system diagram is to conduct a critical inventory of processes, storages and flows that are important to the system under consideration and are therefore necessary to evaluate. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

38. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 2. Preparation of an Emergy Evaluation Table  Tables of the actual flows of materials, labor and energy are constructed from the diagram.  Raw data on flows and storage reserves are converted into emergy units, and then summed for a total emergy flow to the system. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

39. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure… Example emergy evaluation table…

40. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 3. Emergy of Storages  When calculating the emergy of stored quantities (storages), it is necessary to sum the emergy of each of the inputs for the time of its contribution.  Input emergy inflows are multiplied by the time it takes to accumulate the storage and exported yield, if any. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

41. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 4. Evaluations Based on Averaged Inputs  All systems pulse… with time intervals and pulse strength that increase with scale.  To evaluate a process on one scale of time and space usually means using averages for each of the inputs from smaller scales where pulses are of high frequency.  For example, for an evaluation of phenomena on the scale of human economy, yearly averages are often appropriate. On this scale C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

42. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 5. Calculating Emergy Intensities  After a evaluation table is prepared, emergy intensities of products can be calculated.  The output or product (row “O” in the example table above) is evaluated first in units of energy or mass.  Then the input emergy is summed and the emergy intensity for the product calculated by dividing the emergy by the units of the output.  The emergy intensities that result are useful for other emergy evaluations. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

43. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… 6. Performance Indicators The systems diagram in Figure 2 shows non-renewable environmental contributions (N) as an emergy storage of materials, renewable environmental inputs (R), and inputs from the economy as purchased (F) goods and services. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

44. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Several ratios, or indices are given in Figure 1 that are used to evaluate the global performance of a process as follows: Emergy yield ratio. The ratio of the emergy yield from a process to the emergy costs. The ratio is a measure of how much a process will contribute to the economy. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

45. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Environmental loading ratio. The ratio of nonrenewable and imported emergy use to renewable emergy use. It is and indicator of the pressure of a transformation process on the environment and can be considered a measure of ecosystem stress due to a production (transformation activity. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

46. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Sustainability Index. The ratio of the Emergy Yield Ratio to the Environmental Loading Ratio. It measures the contribution of a resource or process to the economy per unit of environmental loading. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

47. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Investment ratio. The ratio of emergy fed back from outside a system to the indigenous emergy inputs (both renewable and non-renewable). It evaluates if a process is a good user of the emergy that is invested, in comparison with alternatives. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

48. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Empower density. The ratio of total emergy use in the economy of a region or nation to the total area of the region or nation. Renewable and nonrenewable emergy density are also calculated separately by dividing the total renewable emergy by area and the total nonrenewable emergy by area, respectively. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

49. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Several other ratios are sometimes calculated depending on the type and scale of he systems being evaluated… Percent renewable emergy (%Ren). The ratio of renewable emergy to total emergy use. In the long run, only processes with high %Ren are sustainable. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

50. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emprice. The emprice of a commodity is the emergy one receives for the money spent. Its units are sej/$. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

51. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy exchange ratio. The ratio of emergy exchanged in a trade or purchase (what is received to what is given). The ratio is always expressed relative to one or the other trading partners and is a measure of the relative trade advantage of one partner over the other. Units = sej/ sej C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

52. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy per capita. The ratio of total emergy use in the economy of a region or nation to the total population. Emergy per capita can be used as a measure of potential, average standard of living of the population. C. Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

53. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Flow (Empower) Supporting The Geobiosphere….

54. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Table 1. Annual Emergy Contributions to Global Processes* (after Odum et al. 2000) _______________________________________________________________ Note InputUnitsInflow Emergy/UnitEmpower units/yr sej/unit(E24 sej/yr) _______________________________________________________________ 1 Solar insolation, J3.93 E24 1.03.93 2 Deep earth heat, J6.72 E20 1.20 E4 8.06 3 Tidal energy, J0.52 E20 7.39 E4 3.84 4 Total----15.83 _______________________________________________________________ Table 1. Annual Emergy Contributions to Global Processes* (after Odum et al. 2000) _______________________________________________________________ Note InputUnitsInflow Emergy/UnitEmpower units/yr sej/unit(E24 sej/yr) _______________________________________________________________ 1 Solar insolation, J3.93 E24 1.03.93 2 Deep earth heat, J6.72 E20 1.20 E4 8.06 3 Tidal energy, J0.52 E20 7.39 E4 3.84 4 Total----15.83 _______________________________________________________________ Empower Supporting the Geobiosphere….

55. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Table 3. Annual Emergy Contributions to Global Processes Including Use of Resource Reserves (after Brown and Ulgiati, 1999) ________________________________________________________________________ NoteInputs & UnitsInflowEmergy/Unit*Empower (J/yr)(sej/unit)E24 sej/yr ________________________________________________________________________ 1Renewable inputs ----15.8 Nonrenwable energies released by society: 2Oil, J1.38 E209.06 E412.5 3Natural gas (oil eq.), J7.89 E198.05 E46.4 4Coal (oil eq.), J1.09 E206.71 E47.3 5Nuclear power, J8.60 E183.35 E52.9 6Wood, J5.86 E191.84 E41.1 7Soils, J1.38 E191.24 E51.7 8Phosphate, J4.77 E161.29 E70.6 9Limestone, J7.33 E162.72 E60.2 10Metal ores, g9.93 E141.68 E91.7 Total non-renewable empower34.3 Total global empower50.1 _________________________________________________________________ Table 3. Annual Emergy Contributions to Global Processes Including Use of Resource Reserves (after Brown and Ulgiati, 1999) ________________________________________________________________________ NoteInputs & UnitsInflowEmergy/Unit*Empower (J/yr)(sej/unit)E24 sej/yr ________________________________________________________________________ 1Renewable inputs ----15.8 Nonrenwable energies released by society: 2Oil, J1.38 E209.06 E412.5 3Natural gas (oil eq.), J7.89 E198.05 E46.4 4Coal (oil eq.), J1.09 E206.71 E47.3 5Nuclear power, J8.60 E183.35 E52.9 6Wood, J5.86 E191.84 E41.1 7Soils, J1.38 E191.24 E51.7 8Phosphate, J4.77 E161.29 E70.6 9Limestone, J7.33 E162.72 E60.2 10Metal ores, g9.93 E141.68 E91.7 Total non-renewable empower34.3 Total global empower50.1 _________________________________________________________________ Empower Supporting the Geobiosphere….

56. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Table 2. Emergy of Products of the Global Energy System (after Odum et. al 2000) _____________________________________________________________________ ____ NoteProduct and UnitsEmergy*Production Emergy/Unit E24 sej/yr units/yrsej/unit _____________________________________________________________________ ____ 1 Global latent heat, J15.831.26 E24 12.6 sej/J 2 Global wind circulation, J15.836.45 E21 2.5 E3 sej/J 3 Global precipitation on land, g15.831.09 E20 1.5 E5 sej/g 4 Global precipitation on land, J15.835.19 E20 3.1 E4 sej/J 5 Average river flow, g15.833.96 E19 4.0 E5 sej/g 6 Average river geopotential, J15.833.4 E20 4.7 E4 sej/J 7 Average river chem. energy, J15.831.96 E20 8.1 E4 sej/J 8 Average waves at the shore, J15.833.1 E20 5.1 E4 sej/J 9 Average ocean current, J15.838.6 E17 1.8 E7 sej/J _____________________________________________________________________ ____ Table 2. Emergy of Products of the Global Energy System (after Odum et. al 2000) _____________________________________________________________________ ____ NoteProduct and UnitsEmergy*Production Emergy/Unit E24 sej/yr units/yrsej/unit _____________________________________________________________________ ____ 1 Global latent heat, J15.831.26 E24 12.6 sej/J 2 Global wind circulation, J15.836.45 E21 2.5 E3 sej/J 3 Global precipitation on land, g15.831.09 E20 1.5 E5 sej/g 4 Global precipitation on land, J15.835.19 E20 3.1 E4 sej/J 5 Average river flow, g15.833.96 E19 4.0 E5 sej/g 6 Average river geopotential, J15.833.4 E20 4.7 E4 sej/J 7 Average river chem. energy, J15.831.96 E20 8.1 E4 sej/J 8 Average waves at the shore, J15.833.1 E20 5.1 E4 sej/J 9 Average ocean current, J15.838.6 E17 1.8 E7 sej/J _____________________________________________________________________ ____ Global Emergy Intensities…

57. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Intensities…

58. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Intensities…

59. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… CASE STUDIES: Evaluation of energy conversion systems Sergio…

60. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… Emergy Analysis (EmA) and Embodied Energy Analysis (EEA), treat the conceptual issues of scale and quality of energy very differently. D. Summary Discussion a.Issues of scale b. Issues of Quality

61. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… D. Summary Discussion a.Issues of scale EEA provides a measure of the overall commercial (oil equivalent) energy invested to support a production process. The outcome of EMA is a quantification of the environmental support provided by nature to a process, which may or may not be under human control.

62. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… D. Summary Discussion b. Issues of Quality EEA uses heat equivalent energy, while EmA recognizes differences in energy quality. a)EEA provides a measure of the commercial energy cost of a product (MJ or grams of oil equivalent per unit of product). When the product is energy, this measure is better expressed as EROI (Joules of energy delivered per unit of energy provided to the process) b) Exergy analysis, at the process scale provides a measure of thermodynamic efficiency, indicates possible optimization patterns, and finally ranks the quality of the product from the user-side point of view.

63. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… D. Summary Discussion b. Issues of Quality EmA provides insight into the quality of each input and output flow to any process in the larger scale of the biosphere. EmA takes into account the role of the environmental work supporting both ecosystems and human societies, in particular the role of unmonied inputs provided by nature to human economies.

64. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3… ZZZZZZZZZZ Z Z Z The End…

65. ENEA Workshop Day 1 ~ Lecture 3…