1. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Emergy and Environmental Impact Assessment Emergy and Environmental Impact Assessment Oil spill, phosphate mining, transformity and toxicity, transformity and ecosystem health

2. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Environmental Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems...

3. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Environmental Impacts on Marine Ecosystems...

4. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Emergy Ratios for Assessing Environmental Impact

5. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Comparison of Development Alternatives

6. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Emergy Evaluation of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

7. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef, and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil into the biologically rich waters of Prince William Sound.

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9. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Map of Alaska showing the Trans-Alaska pipeline...

10. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Map showing the extent of the oil spill in Gulf of Alaska...

11. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Percent of the total losses Two estimates of damages resulting from the oil spill...

12. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Distribution of the loss estimates...

13. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Oil spill losses compared to regional emergy budgets...

14. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Net benefits from prevention alternatives…

15. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. The role of information in Exxon-Valdez oil spill

16. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. I. Phosphate Mining and Reclamation Description, historical perspective, phosphate facts...

17. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Summary of Phosphate Mining System

18. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Main phosphate formation… the “bone valley” (1.3 million acres) Secondary area of mining (50,000 acres)

19. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 ….  Mining began in late 1800’s  Mined Peace River bottom  Until late 1930’s small scale - wide spread  Large scale mining began in 1950’s  Currently about 5000 acres /year are mined Historical Perspective

20. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Mined area to date………………….320,000 acres Mining rate…………………...5 - 6,000 acres/yr Total to be mined…….….700,000 acres Investment in facilities………...$10 billion Yearly wages…………………………….$300 million/yr Taxes paid………………………………..$800 million/yr Operating expenses (2001) Equip and supplies……….$990 million Electricity…………………….$100 million Services………………………..$178 million Phosphate mining facts...

21. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Phosphate Mining vs. Everglades Restoration Phosphate Reclamation Everglades Restoration Total Area0.7 million Acres1.5 million acres Total cost$3.6 billion$7.8 billion Yearly Op. Costs$0.0$182 million

22. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. II. Quick Photographic Overview

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43. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Emergy Evaluation of Phosphate Mining and Reclamation

44. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Systems View and Emergy of Mining

45. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Emergy in Restoration...

46. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Benefits of Restoration...

47. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Benefits of Restoration...

48. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Net Benefits Ratio...

49. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Transformity and Toxicity

50. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Transformity and Toxicity Transformities of selected metals as global flows to atmosphere and storages within a river ecosystem Annual releases to atmosphereRiver ecosystem (seJ/J) Aluminum9.65E+06 3.30E+07 Iron8.46E+07 6.19E+07 Chromium2.59E+10 1.99E+10 Arsenic8.56E+11 -- Lead2.39E+12 3.59E+10 Cadmium1.52E+13 8.78E+10 Mercury6.85E+14 -- a - Not including human release b - Genoni et al. 2003

51. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Transformity and Toxicity  As transformities (emergy intensities) increase their potential effect within ecosystem increases.  Effects can be both positive and negative.  Transformity does not suggest the outcome that might result from the interaction of a stressor within an ecosystem, only that with high transformity, the effect is greater.

52. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Transformity and Toxicity The ultimate effect of a pollutant or toxin is not only related to its transformity, but more importantly to its concentration or empower density (emergy per unit area per unit time, i.e. seJ/m2*day) in the ecosystem. Where empower density of a stressor is significantly higher than the average empower density of the ecosystem it is released into, one can expect significant changes in ecosystem function.  The ultimate effect of a pollutant or toxin is not only related to its transformity, but more importantly to its concentration or emergy density (emergy per unit area, i.e. seJ/m 2 ) in the ecosystem.  Where emergy density of a stressor is significantly higher than the average emergy density of the ecosystem it is released into, one can expect significant changes in ecosystem function.

53. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 ….  For instance, using the transformity of mercury in the previous Table and the exergy of mercury (Szargut et al. 1988) one can convert the transformity to a specific emergy of 3.7 E17 sej/g.  Using this specific emergy, and a mercury concentration of 0.001 ppb (the level the EPA considers to have chronic effects on aquatic life) the emergy density of the mercury in a lake would be 3.7 E12 sej/m 2. Transformity and Toxicity Emergy Density of Florida Ecosystems is about 1.0 E9 sej/m 2

54. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) Index

55. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. System Diagram of Landscape Development Impacts

56. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Independent measure of disturbance using land use/land cover, aerial photographs, and ground observations Landscape Development Intensity…

57. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Based on intensity of human use ð Intensity measured by nonrenewable energy flow. ð Energy expressed in the same quality. ð Energy flow characteristics determined per hectare of various land use types. Landscape Development Intensity…

58. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Land Use Development Intensity Coefficients...

59. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Representative LDI Coefficients Land useLDI- Coeff. Natural landscape1.0 Tree plantation 1.6 Pasture3.0 - 3.7 Agriculture4.0 - 5.0 Residential uses6.0 - 8.3 Roadways7.8 - 8.5 Commercial/Industrial uses8.0 - 10.0

60. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. LDI =  (LDI j * %LU j ) Where, LDI = Landscape Development Intensity Index LDI j = LDI coefficient for land use “j” %LU j = Percent area of the wetland drainage basin occupied by land use “j”

61. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Total Nitrogen Load Landscape Development Intensity…

62. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Total Phosphorus Load Landscape Development Intensity…

63. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Total Suspended Solids Load Landscape Development Intensity…

64. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. LDI and Wetland Rapid Assessment “Score” Landscape Development Intensity…

65. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Landscape Development Intensity…

66. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 8 …. Global Ecosystem Health as a Function of Landscape Development Intensity??

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