1. Ecosystems and Energy 3

2. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Overview of Chapter 3  What is Ecology?  The Energy of Life  Laws of Thermodynamics  Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration  Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems  Producers, Consumers & Decomposers  Ecological Pyramid  Ecosystem Productivity

3. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecology  Ecology  “eco” house & “logy” study of  The study of interactions among and between organisms in their abiotic environment  Biotic - living environment  Includes all organisms  Abiotic - non living or physical environment  Includes living space, sunlight, soil, precipitation, etc.

4. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Ecology  Ecologists are interested in the levels of life above that of organism

6. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecology Definitions  Species - A group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed  Population - A group of organisms of the same species that occupy that live in the same area at the same time  Community - All the populations of different species that live and interact in the same area at the same time  Ecosystem - A community and its physical (abiotic) environment  Landscape - Several interacting ecosystems

7. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 46.1

8. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecology  Biosphere contains earth’s communities, ecosystems and landscapes, and includes:  Atmosphere- gaseous envelope surrounding earth  Hydrosphere- earth’s supply of water  Lithosphere- soil and rock of the earth’s crust

9. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Energy  The ability or capacity to do work  Chemical, Thermal, Mechanical, Nuclear, Electrical, and Radiant/Solar (below)

10. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Energy  Energy exists as:  Potential energy (stored energy)  Kinetic energy (energy of motion)  Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as arrow is released from bow

11. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Thermodynamics  Study of energy and its transformations  System- the object being studied  Closed System- Does not exchange energy with surroundings (rare in nature)  Open System- exchanges energy with surroundings

12. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Laws of Thermodynamics  First Law of Thermodynamics  Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can change from one form to another  Second Law of Thermodynamics  When energy is converted form one form to another, some of it is degraded to heat  Heat is highly entropic (disorganized)

13. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Photosynthesis  Biological process by which energy from the sun (radiant energy) is transformed into chemical energy of sugar molecules 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + radiant energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

14. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Cellular Respiration  The process where the chemical energy captured in photosynthesis is released within cells of plants and animals C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 —> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  This energy is then used for biological work

15. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

16. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Energy Flow Through Ecosystems  Passage of energy through an ecosystem

17. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Food Chains- The Path of Energy Flow  Energy from food passes from one organisms to another based on their Trophic Level  Def: An organism’s position in a food chain, which is determined by its feeding relationships  First Trophic Level: Producers  Second Trophic Level: Primary Consumers  Third Tophic Level: Secondary Consumers  Decomposers are present at all trophic levels

18. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Food Web

19. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecological Pyramids  Graphically represent the relative energy value of each trophic level  Important feature is that large amount of energy are lost between trophic levels to heat  Three main types  Pyramid of numbers  Pyramid of biomass  Pyramid of energy

20. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Pyramid of Numbers  Illustrates the number of organisms at each trophic level  Fewer organisms occupy each successive level  Does not indicate:  biomass of organisms at each level  amount of energy transferred between levels

21. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Pyramid of Biomass  Illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level  Biomass: measure of the total amt of living material  90% reduction in biomass through trophic levels

22. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Pyramid of Energy  Illustrates how much energy is present at each trophic level and how much is transferred to the next level  Most energy dissipates between trophic levels  Explains why there are so few trophic levels

23. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecosystem Productivity  Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)  Total amount of energy that plants capture and assimilate in a given period of time  Net Primary Productivity (NPP)  Plant growth per unit area per time  Represents the rate at which organic material is actually incorporated into the plant tissue for growth  GPP – cellular respiration = NPP  Only NPP is available as food to organisms

24. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Variation in NPP by Ecosystem

25. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Human Impact on NPP  Humans represent 0.5% of land-based biomass, but use 32% of land-based NPP!  This may contribute to loss of species (extinction)  This represents a threat to planet’s ability to support both human and non-human inhabitants