1. An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894 - 1914
Chapter 24
An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism,

2. Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences
Science offers certainty
Thought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality
Marie Curie ( ) and Pierre Curie ( )
Radiation
Atoms
Max Planck ( )
Energy radiated discontinuously
Albert Einstein ( )
Theory of relativity
Four dimensional space-time continuum
Energy of the atom

3. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational
Friedrich Nietzsche ( )
Glorifies the irrational
Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces
“God is dead”
Blame on Christianity
Concept of the superman
Henri Bergson
Reality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly
Georges Sorel
Revolutionary Socialism and the General strike

4. Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis
The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900
The unconscious
Id, ego, and superego
Repression

5. The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism
Societies are organisms that evolve
Radical Applications
Nationalism
Friedrich von Bernhardi
Racism
Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( )
The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890

6. The Attack on Christianity
Political movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches
Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointments
Anticlericalism
Ernst Renan
Life of Jesus
Catholic Church
Pope Pius IX
Syllabus of Errors (pg. 736)
Condemned Modernism in 1907
Leo XIII
De Rerum Novarum, More moderate and accepting of new changes in society

7. Culture of Modernity: Literature
Émile Zola ( )
Naturalism (pessimistic about problems in life)
Must analyze life
Symbolists
Objective knowledge of the world was impossible
Art should function for its own sake

8. Modernism in the Arts Impressionism Post-Impressionism 1880’s
Camille Pissarro
Claude Monet (wanted to capture impression of nature)
Post-Impressionism 1880’s
Light and color with structure and form
Subjective Realism
Vincent van Gogh ( )
Impact of photography on art
Cubism: Pablo Picasso ( )
Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky ( )
Expressionism in music
Edvard Grieg
Claude Debussy
Igor Stravinsky ( )
Sergei Diaghilev ( )

9. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of Women
Amalie Sieveking ( )
Florence Nightingale ( )
Clara Barton ( )
Growing demands of suffragists
Emmeline Pankhurst ( )
Women’s Social and Political Union
Publicity
Peace movements
Bertha von Suttner ( )
The New Woman
Maria Montessori ( )
New teaching materials
Began the system of Montessori schools

10. Jews within the European Nation-State
Anti-Semitism
Actions against Jews
Many emigrate
Theodor Herzl ( )
The Jewish State, 1896
Zionism

11. Palestine
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12. The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain
Working class demands
Caused Liberals to move away from ideals
Trade Unions
Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls
Fabian Socialists
Neither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are Marxist
Britain’s Labour Party
David Lloyd George ( )
Abandons laissez-faire
Backs social reform measures
National Insurance Act, 1911
Beginnings of the welfare state

13. Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France
Giovanni Giolitti (transformismo)
France
Dreyfus affair
Third Republic (eliminates enemies)

14. Growing Tensions in Germany
William II ( )
Military and industrial power
Conflict of tradition and modernization
Strong nationalists
Austria-Hungary
Universal male suffrage in 1907
Social Democrats
Emperor Francis Joseph

15. Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel
Development of working class
Development of socialist parties
Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
Russo-Japanese War,
“Bloody Sunday” in Jan. General strike, October 1905
Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma
Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907 

16. The Rise of the United States
Shift to an industrial nation,
9 percent own 71 percent of wealth
American Federation of Labor
Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor
Progressive Era
Reform
Pure Food and Drug Act
Woodrow Wilson,
Income tax and Federal Reserve System

17. Growth of Canada Dominion of Canada
Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870
Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871
William Laurier, 1896, First French Canadian prime minister

18. Canada, 1871
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19. The New Imperialism Causes of the New Imperialism
Competition among European nations
Social Darwinism and racism
Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden”
Economics
The Creation of Empires
Scramble for Africa
Cape Colony
Afrikaners
Great Trek, 1835
Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River, (Transvaal)
Cecil Rhodes ( )
Diamond and gold companies
Takes the Transvaal
Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government
Boer War,
Union of South Africa, 1910

20. Other Instances of Imperialism
Portuguese
Mozambique
Angola
French
Algeria, 1830
West Africa and Tunis
British in Egypt
Leopold II,
International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876
Congo
French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River
Germany
South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

21. Africa in 1914
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22. Imperialism in Asia Japan Southeast Asia Pacific Islands
James Cook to Australia,
British East India Company
Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876
Russian expansion
Siberia
Reach Pacific coast, 1637
Press south into the crumbling Ottoman Empire
Persia and Afghanistan (buffer states)
Korea and Manchuria
British acquisition of Hong Kong
Japan
Matthew Perry opens Japan,
Southeast Asia
British & French control
Pacific Islands
US and the Spanish-American War

23. Responses to Imperialism
Africa
New class of educated African leaders
Resentment of foreigners
Middle-class Africans
Intellectual hatred of colonial rule
Political parties and movements
China
Boxer Rebellion, , Society of Harmonious Fists
Sun Yat-sen ( )
Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China

24. Asia, 1914
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25. Japan and India Japan India Samurai Meiji Mutsuhito, 1867-1912
Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)
Westernization of military and industry
India
British control results in peace and honest government
Extreme poverty
Indian National Congress, 1883 

26. International Rivalry and the Coming of War
New Alliances
Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
New Directions and New Crises
Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”
Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894
Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

27. Crisis in the Balkans,
Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
First Balkan War, 1912
Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
Second Balkan War, 1913
Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated Bulgaria
Serbia’s ambitions
London Conference

28. The Balkans in 1878
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29. Discussion Questions
How does “new view” of science change our thinking about the universe?
What radical changes in our concepts about human behavior as a result of Sigmund Freud’s work?
What was the new racism? How are Darwin’s ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to civilization?
Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the nations that it occurred in.

30. Web Links Marie Curie Sigmund Freud Social Darwinism Cubism
Maria Montessori
Zionism
Triple Alliance