1. Introduction to 6th Edition APA: Citations and References
with
Heidi Rivers Marshall, MFA

2. The Writing Center: Quick View
New Website!

3. The Writing Center: Quick View
Reservation System!

4. The 6th Edition Expanded reference examples for electronic sources
Was released in July, 2009
About 100 pages shorter; easier to navigate
Reorganized into eight chapters.
Most changes are cosmetic (spacing and so forth)
Expanded reference examples for electronic sources
Backing up your assertions.

5. The 6th Edition: VPAA Policies
New students as of September 2009 who are in programs that require the full APA manual will follow APA 6th ed. in foundations courses.
Most other courses (with the exceptions of MSN and MSEd) will be changed to reflect the requirements of the 6th ed. by December 2009 (for students in quarter-based programs) and January 2010 (for students in semester-based programs).
Contact your program chair for more information on which version you should use over the next academic year
Backing up your assertions.

6. The 6th Edition: VPAA Policies
Students working on capstones with an approved proposal as of December 31, 2009, may stick with the 5th edition.
Otherwise, students should abide by 6th edition templates.
The Walden Writing Center will post documents showing differences, along with revised templates, in early fall 2009 (many have already been posted).
Backing up your assertions.

7. APA Refresher Over the next few slides, we will
Review APA citation format
Review how and when to cite a source
Review APA reference format
Review APA style rules
Point out differences between the 5th and 6th edition in all of the above

8. There are two ways to cite a source in the text of a sentence:
Citation Format
There are two ways to cite a source in the text of a sentence:
You can use a parenthetical citation: There are not many changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA Publication Manual (Rivers, 2009).
Or, you can use an in-text citation: Rivers (2009) indicated that there are not many changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA Publication Manual.
Backing up your assertions.
The latter is preferred because it demonstrates a
higher level of involvement with the literature

9. Citation Format Source with one author
Parenthetical: (Sinatra, 2007)
In-text: Sinatra (2007)
Source with two authors
Parenthetical: (Sinatra & Garland, 2007)
In-text: Sinatra and Garland (2007)
Source with three to five authors
First parenthetical: (Sinatra, Garland, & Fitzgerald, 2007)
Second and subsequent parenthetical: (Sinatra et al., 2007)
First in-text: Sinatra, Garland, and Fitzgerald (2007)
Second and subsequent in-text: Sinatra et al. (2007)
Source with six or more authors
Parenthetical: (Sinatra et al., 2007)
In-text: Sinatra et al. (2007) .
There is a table (Table 6.1) in the 6th edition manual that demonstrates all variations of citation.
There are some variations on multi-author source citations if you have more than one source by the same authors. Check pp in the 5th edition and pp in the 6th edition.

10. Citation Format
Personal communication Parenthetical: (H. R. Marshall, personal communication, September 17, 2009) In-text: H. R. Marshall (personal communication, September 17, 2009) Secondary source material Parenthetical: (Marshall, as cited in Cook, 2009) In-Text: Marshall (as cited in Cook, 2009) Attributing an assertion to multiple sources Parenthetical: (Paiste, 2004; Sabian, 2005; Zildjian, 2001) alphabetical (as they appear in reference list) and separated by semicolons In-text: Paiste (2004), Sabian (2005), and Zildjian (2001) Multiple sources with same author and year Parenthetical: (Marshall, 2009a)…(Marshall, 2009b)…(Marshall, 2009c) In-text: Marshall (2009a)…Marshall (2009b)…Marshall (2009c)

11. Citation Format
Notice that we have not yet come across differences between the 5th and 6th edition!
In other words, you do not have to re-learn how to cite sources in your paper.
With these few exceptions:

12. Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes
Per APA (2010), if the first citation in the paragraph is in-text, as it is here, then subsequent in-text citations within this same paragraph do not need to carry a year. However, all parenthetical citations do (APA, 2010). The rule as APA described it is a bit different if the first citation of the paragraph is a parenthetical citation, as is demonstrated on the next slide.
Backing up your assertions.

13. Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes
If the first citation in the paragraph is a parenthetical citation, as it is here, then the first in-text citation must carry a year (APA, 2010). APA (2010) also indicated that all parenthetical citations with a paragraph, regardless of the number of previous citations within that paragraph, must carry a year. There are no exceptions to this rule (APA, 2010). In addition, APA has provided new guidelines for how often to cite a source in a paragraph, as is demonstrated on the next slide.

14. Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes
Per the 6th edition Publication Manual, referents such as “the authors said” or “the same author indicated” are no longer sufficient ways to cite a source. If the assertion you make does not refer to the author by name, you must provide a parenthetical citation. For example:
Marshall (2009) indicated that proper APA enhances a paper’s scholarly tone. The author also indicated that APA is easy to use if students familiarize themselves with the manual (Marshall, 2009).

15. Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes
When citing a direct quote, you need to cite the page or paragraph number for where that quote appears in the original source. Now, APA no longer accepts the use of a paragraph symbol (¶). Instead, use the abbreviation for the word paragraph: (Jones, 2009, para. 6)

16. Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes
If citing two different authors with the same surname, use the authors’ first initial:
M. King (2005) and W. King (2007) discovered King is a more common last name than typically thought.

17. Reference Format
Book Marshall, H. (2009). Best book ever. New York, NY: Publisher House. Chapter in an edited book Timmerman, B. (2009). Best chapter ever. In H. Marshall (Ed.), Best book ever (pp ). New York, NY: Publisher House.
Per 6th Edition, include the state abbreviation in ALL cases, even for well known cities

18. Reference Format Journal Article
Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), doi:
If there is no DOI:
The next preferred option is to reference the journal’s homepage:
Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), Retrieved from
If you cannot locate the journal’s homepage, the last option is to reference the database homepagr:
Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), Retrieved .

19. Reference Format
Per the 6th edition, include the issue number if the journal is paginated separately by issue. If the journal is not paginated separately by issue, then do not include the issue number:
Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6, doi:

20. Reference Format A source with seven or more authors
5th edition (up to & including six, abbreviate the rest):
Timmerman, B., Cook, A. Patterson, J., Wold, K., Marshall, H., King, M., et al. (2009).
6th edition (up to & including seven; if eight or more, include six, insert ellipses, and include last):
Timmerman, B., Cook, A. Patterson, J., Wold, K., Marshall, H., King, M., & Walsh, L. (2009).
Timmerman, B., Cook, A. Patterson, J., Wold, K., Marshall, H., King, M., … Brown, M. (2009). .

21. Reference Format
Other electronic material Report from an organization Cook, A. (2008). The effect of war on graduate students in the military (Report 601). Retrieved from The Organization For World Peace website: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Treating warts. Retrieved from

22. Reference Format DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA
Per APA 6th edition, “Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).”
In general, you will only need a retrieval date if you are referencing text from the web page rather than from an archived report or pdf. There are few cases, if any, in which such text would be considered a scholarly source, so reference website text sparingly.
DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA

23. APA Style Rules Past tense
Use the past tense when discussing the literature that you read:
Percy (1935) found
Mathieu (1955) argued
Korrapati (1975) wrote
Lynch (1995) discussed

24. APA Style Rules Commas Use commas to:
Separate elements in a series of three or more (serial comma)
Lions, tigers, and bears
Set off nonessential information
the girl, who was a red head, ate all of my cookies
Separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Jamie went to the grocery store, and she bought dinner.

25. APA Style Rules Hyphenation
In general, words with prefixes such as non, semi, pre, post, anti, multi, and inter are not hyphenated: pretest, posttest, antibiotic, antisocial, nonprofit, semipro, multiphased, subsample
All self- compounds are hyphenated: self-esteem, self-efficacy
Proper nouns ending in s have an ’s added: Rogers’s

26. APA Style Rules Per 6th Edition, Double Space Block Quotes
Zuckerman (2008) advises against the use of block quotes in academic writing. In fact, Zuckerman indicated:
Students love block quotations because they fill up a paper. Sometimes they have not even read the entire quote themselves. If they use too many their professors might not give them the credit as writers and researchers that they deserve. (p. 4)

27. APA Style Rules Headings
In the 5th edition, the heading hierarchy is as follows:
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW [L5]
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
Oranges at a Glance [L2]
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L3]
Why there are no more apples. [L4]
In a paper with 4 levels, which most are, use L5, L1, L3, L4 (skipping L2).

28. APA Style Rules 6th Edition Headings
Oranges as Indicators for Progress [Title of Paper]
History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]
Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]
Why apples didn’t work. [L3]
Dependable cheap labor. [L4]
Union busting in sunny Florida. [L5]
In a paper with 4 levels, which most are, use L5, L1, L3, L4 (skipping L2).
Note that the concept of hierarchy is still the same;
they are only cosmetically different

29. Differences are in the exceptions
APA Style Rules
Numbers
Express numbers 10 and above as numerals.
Express numbers nine and lower as words
Differences are in the exceptions
Additional info “Eleven Common Form and Style Headaches” can be found on the Writing Center page, click on Theses and Dissertations.

30. APA Style Rules
5th edition: Use figures to represent statistical or mathematical functions, percentages, time, dates, age, population size, number subjects/participants, scores, points on a scale, money in about 3 years 6-year-olds 2 weeks ago 3 participants 1 hr 12 min $5 at 7:00 p.m. 75%

31. APA Style Rules
6th edition: Use figures to represent statistical or mathematical functions, percentages, time, dates, age, population size, scores, points on a scale, money No longer need to express number of subjects/participants as figure if there are fewer than nine (six students participated) Now will express approximate numbers of days, months, and years as a words if they are less than nine (about three years old)

32. APA Style Rules 5th Edition Seriation
The three preferred food choices of State Fair goers are (a) chocolate chip cookies, (b) bacon on a stick, and (c) deep-fried cheese curds (Timmerman, 2009).
Timmerman (2009) concluded State Fair goers:
1. Consume more calories than they burn.
2. Regularly suffer severe sun burns.
3. Prefer bacon on a stick to chocolate-covered bacon.

33. APA Style Rules
6th Edition Seriation; Use bullet points when you do not need to imply a specific order
Timmerman (2009) indicated that the preferred food choices of State Fair goers are
chocolate chip cookies,
bacon on a stick, and
deep-fried cheese curds.

34. APA Style Rules
Greater emphasis on this rule in the 6th edition:
Third person. To avoid ambiguity, use a personal pronoun rather than the third person when describing steps taken in your experiment.
Correct for one author:
I reviewed the literature.
Correct for more than one author:
We reviewed the literature
Incorrect:
This author reviewed the literature.
These authors reviewed the literature.

35. APA Style Rules
Do not capitalize the names of models or theories (theory of learned behavior).
Do not capitalize the names of disorders or diseases (bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], multiple sclerosis)
Express the word website as one word, lowercase
Use two spaces after the final punctuation mark at the end of a sentence
Double space the reference list
Include the running head on every page in the location of the former page header. Running head is flush left and page number is flush right.
Limit your use of the pronoun we to refer only to yourself and the coauthor(s) of a paper
Theories , models, laws (retain cap for proper names).

36. THE END
Questions?