1. Intermediate APA Style Refresher (Top 10) With Heidi Marshall, MFA

2. New Website! http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/ The Writing Center: Quick View

3. Reservation System! http://www.rich37.com/waldenu/index.phphttp://www.rich37.com/waldenu/index.php

4. Session Overview 1. Numbers and Percentages 2. Commas 3.Abbreviations 4. Spelling 5. Italics & Quotation Marks 6. Seriation 7. Tables & Figures 8. Headings 9. Spacing 10. Everything else

5. 1. Numbers & Percentages (APA 3.42-3.45) APA 5 th : 3.42-3.45 APA 6 th : 4.31-4.38 According to APA (2001), “The general rule governing APA style on the use of numbers is to use figures to express numbers 10 and above and words to express numbers below 10” (p. 122). BUT, there are many exceptions to this rule!

6. Express numbers as figures when they: “are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above” (p. 123). 5 out of the 12 plates shattered “immediately precede a unit of measurement” (p. 123). 2 mg “represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles” (p. 124) 6.5% “represent time; dates; ages; sample, subsample, or population size; specific numbers of subjects or participants in an experiment; scores and points on a scale; exact sums of money; and numerals as numerals” (p. 124). For the past 3 years… “denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers” (p. 125). chapter 2; Trial 4 Numbers & Percentages: 5 th edition APA

7. For example: All 23 of his shelves were filled with books on APA style; unfortunately, the two things he feared were citation styles and acronyms. The 8 children in the psychologist’s study didn’t stop moving around the room during her 6 hours of close observation. The teacher found he only used five of Gardner’s seven basic multiple intelligences. *Eighteen of the participants failed to respond to the survey.

8. Numbers & Percentages: 6 th edition APA 6 th edition: Use figures to represent statistical or mathematical functions, percentages, time, dates, age, population size, scores, points on a scale, money No longer need to express number of subjects/participants as figure if there are fewer than nine (six students participated) Now will express approximate numbers of days, months, and years as a words if they are less than nine (about three years old) Now will express numbers nine and lower as words even when compared to numbers 10 and higher (seven of the 23 students)

9. Numbers & Percentages APA 5 th : 3.42d APA 6 th : 4.31 Use a numeral and percentage sign unless at the start of a sentence or if you’re quoting directly from a source that used a different style manual. Forty percent of people polled hate polls. Another 15% can’t stand the people who poll them.

10. 2. Commas APA 5 th : 3.02 APA 6 th : 4.03 Serial Commas (APA 3.02) According to APA (2001), “use a comma between elements (including before and and or) in a series of three or more items” (p. 78). But what does that mean? It means just that, put a comma before the and or or in a series of three or more nouns or noun phrases.

11. Commas In the forest, there are lions, tigers, and bears. You can make the pie with apples, pears, or bananas. At practice today, the players will work on catching the ball, shooting with accuracy, and defending set plays.

12. Commas In addition to the serial comma, use commas: To set off nonessential information (the girl, who was a red head, took my parking space in the grocery store lot) To separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (Jamie went to the grocery store, and she bought dinner) Before a nonessential clause that begins with which (Jamie went to the grocery store, which was three blocks away) And that's about it!

13. 3. Abbreviations APA 5 th : 3.20-3.29 APA 6 th : 4.22-4.30 According to APA (2001), “APA prefers that authors use abbreviations sparingly. Although abbreviations are sometimes useful for long, technical terms in scientific writing, communication is usually garbled rather than clarified if, for example, an abbreviation is unfamiliar to the reader” (p. 103). But what does that mean? Know your audience. Use abbreviations for long, familiar terms.

14. Abbreviations Common abbreviation usage: Italicize statistical abbreviations: N, n, etc. Use etc., e.g., and i.e. only inside parentheses e.g., means: for example, i.e., means: that is,, etc. means:, and so forth Another common abbreviation: et al.The period comes after the “al.” Write out the full name the first time it appears in your paper, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were….The CDC went on to say….

15. Abbreviations Per the 6 th edition APA manual, once you define an abbreviation you must use it consistently throughout the paper. In other words, do not revert back to using the full term.

16. 4. Spelling & Word Choice (APA 3.10) APA 5 th : 3.10 APA 6 th : 4.12-4.13 Check the tables in chapter 3 for rules on hyphenation. In general, words with prefixes such as non, semi, pre, post, anti, multi, and inter are not hyphenated: pretest, posttest, antibiotic, antisocial, nonprofit, semipro, multiphased, subsample. But self-esteem, self-concept.

17. Spelling Possessives of proper nouns ending in s get ’s added: Rogers’s love of APA, Jones’s hatred of APA Do not use an apostrophe to make a year plural: In the 1960s

18. Word Choice That Restrictive clauses. Essential to the meaning That defines one in a bunch. The dip that Sally brought was the best. Which Nonrestrictive clauses. Add more information Set off with commas Further describes a lone object. The dip, which sally bought, was the best. That That for things. The book that was found was valuable. Who Who for people. The student who found the book got a reward.

19. Word Choice While While links events occurring simultaneously Heidi took a nap while Jamie talked about grammar. Although Use although, whereas, and, or but in place of while. Although the argument seemed solid, there were holes in his reasoning. Because Since is used to indicate time. Because should be used in all other instances. You left because I wasn’t breathing. Since Since=time. Meaning: after that. Since you’ve been gone I can breathe for the first time.

20. Word Choice Farther Use farther for physical distances. I ran farther than him. Further Use further for figurative distances. She couldn’t have been further from the truth. Everyday A routine occurrence, common, usual That’s an everyday shoe she’s wearing. Other than the monkeys escaping their cages, it was a normal everyday scene at the zoo. Every day Each day She gets coffee every day. He missed her every day she was gone.

21. Word Choice May May=permission May I go to the bathroom? Might Might=possibility I might go to the bathroom before we go. Can Can=ability Can I go to the bathroom?

22. Word Choice Lay Something I do to something (or someone) else. I will lay the book on the table. Lie To lie: something I do to myself. I’m going to go lie down. Less For things you can’t count. I had less confidence after I fell on my face. Fewer For things you can count. He went to the 10 items or fewer lane at the grocery store.

23. APA 5 th : 3.19 APA 6 th : 4.21 No underlines, bold font, or quotation marks without citing allowed. 5. Italics & Quotation Marks

24. Italics “titles of books, periodicals, and microfilm publications” (p. 100). “genera, species, and varieties” (p. 100). “introduction of new, technical, or key term or label (after a terms has been used once, do not italicize it” (p. 100). “letter, word, or phrase cited as a linguistic example” (p. 100). “words that could be misread” (p. 101). “letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables…some test scales…periodical volume numbers in reference lists…anchors of a scale” (p. 101).

25. Italics The Great Gatsby We are homo sapiens I will label these students super-fantastic scholars. The super-fantastic scholars are also those students who… The students pronounced the letters a and o

26. Quotation Marks “for material quoted directly from a source” (p. 82). “to introduce a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, slang, or as an invented or coined expression” (p. 82). “to set off the title of an article or chapter” (p. 82) when mentioned in the text. “to reproduce material from a test item or verbatim instructions to participants” (p. 82).

27. Quotation Marks That is it! Do not use quotation marks for any other reason! Not even if you think it would be “right” to do so.

28. 6. Seriation According to APA (2001), “Enumerate elements in a series to prevent misreading or to clarify the sequence or relationship between elements, particularly when they are lengthy or complex” (pp. 115-116).

29. Seriation: 5 th ed: APA 5.12 Vertical lists, go 1. 2. 3. 4. In the paragraph, use (a), (b), (c)...

30. Seriation: 5 th ed. Coach Rivers (2006) found that: 1. High school girls like to talk. 2. Players work hard when they are provided positive feedback. 3. Men should most definitely not coach high school girls in sports about which they know nothing. *USE LISTS ONLY FOR ITEMIZED CONCLUSIONS OR SUCCESSIVE STEPS Within a Paragraph (APA 5.12) Coach Rivers decided that players will make the varsity team if they can (a) pass and catch without dropping the ball, (b) run a mile in 7 minutes or less, and (c) maintain a positive, hardworking attitude throughout the season. *USE A SEMICOLON TO SEPARATE COMPOUND PHRASES

31. Seriation: 6 th ed: APA 3.04 Follow the same guidelines as in the 5 th edition manual except you should use bullet points when the order of elements is not important, all lines need to be indented, you can use bullets within a sentence.

32. Seriation BUT!!! You want to turn your lists in to narrative text when there is no chance the list could be misread, or there is no particular sequence to your list. In general, lists of questions do not need letter or number identifiers. Neither do short lists of nouns or noun phrases that have no particular order. Also, if the punctuation doesn’t make any sense, then don’t force it! If the sentence makes more sense without seriation, then kick your letters and numbers to the curb! This: Jamie liked to make pies with apples, cherries, or peaches. Does NOT need to be this: Jamie liked to make pies with (a) apples, (b) cherries, or (c) peaches. Unless it is this: Jamie liked to make her pies in this order: (a) apple, (b) cherry, and then (c) peach.

33. 7. Tables and Figures APA 5 th : 3.62-3.86 APA 6 th : 5.07-5.30 Number tables and figures consecutively, that is, Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2.

34. Table 4 Comparison of Boys and Girls by Height and Weight Note. From “Analysis of Seventh Graders’ Hormones,” by W. Steeves, 2008, Journal of Despair, 98, p. 11. Copyright 2008 from the American Psychological Association. Tables

35. Figure 13. Causes of stress and its effects among graduate students. Adapted from…. Pressure from Home Work Dangerous Levels of Medications Figures

36. 8. Headings APA 5 th : 3.30-3.32 APA 6 th : 3.02-3.03 According to APA (2001), “Levels of heading establish via format or appearance the hierarchy of sections to orient the reader. All topics of equal importance have the same level of heading throughout a manuscript” and “Regardless of the number of levels of subheading within a section, the heading structure for all sections follows the same top-down progression” (pp. 111-112).

37. Headings APA 5th Levels of Heading: Level 5 (CENTERED, UPPER CASE) Level 1 (Centered, Title Case) Level 2 (Centered, Italics, Title Case) Level 3 (Flush Left, Italics, Title Case) Level 4 (Indented, italics, sentence case) Most Walden course papers use 3 Levels of Heading: Level 1 (title and major section headings) Level 3 (subsections) Level 4 (subsections) Title, Centered, No Italics [L1] First Major Heading, Centered, No Italics [L1] Flush Left, Italicized [L3] Tabbed in, italicized, sentence case. [L4]

38. Headings APA 6th Title Next Level [L1] Next Level [L2] Next level. [L3] Next level. [L4] Next level. [L5] The concept is the same; the cosmetics are different

39. Headings APA 6th Oranges as Indicators for Progress [Title of Paper] History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1] Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2] Why apples didn’t work. [L3] Dependable cheap labor. [L4] Union busting in sunny Florida. [L5]

40. 9. Spacing APA 5 th : 5.11 APA 6 th : 4.01, 4.40 Double space after the end of sentence But, use just one space after each punctuation mark in the reference list.

41. 10. Everything Else Data and media are plural. Use respectful and inclusive language. First person is allowed at Walden, but use it with caution. American not British English at Walden. Avoid contractions.

42. Direct quotes 40 words or more. Indent five spaces on the left; same margin on the right. Double space. Usually no need for opening or closing ellipses. Final punctuation comes before the parenthetical element.... and unpatriotic. (p. 285) Everything Else

43. Questions?