1. George Washington’s Presidency
Mrs. Katie Ross
Cape Fear High

2. What do you see in this picture?

3. WASHINGTON'S INAGAURAL
Wash inaugural
New Constitution and Government take effect on April 30, 1789.
Washington begins his presidency in New York City and alternates between there and Philadelphia.
Capital city at this time was New York City.

4. George Washington 1st President of the United States (1789 -1797)
Did NOT belong to a political party.

5. What problems did the United States face as a brand new country?
Establishing respect of other countries.
Paying off debts from the American Revolution.
Building an Army and a Navy.

6. Washington’s Cabinet
What is the purpose of the President’s cabinet? To advise the President.
Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War – Henry Knox

7. Judiciary Act of 1789
Created Federal, District and State Circuit courts
Gave Federal Courts the power to reverse state court decisions.
Established Supreme Court as the Highest Court.

8. John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
FIRST SUPREME COURT
President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court
3 from North and 3 from South
Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.
John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

9. President Washington faced several Indian problems.
precedents
President Washington faced several Indian problems.
British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers.
Washington sent General “Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat the Indian tribes.

10. War in the Old Northwest Territory
Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored early victories (1790–91)
The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

11. War in the Old Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville
(1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio
First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

12. Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.
Jay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.
Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.
Jays

13. Jay’s Treaty British remove forts from US soil
British agreed but required US to pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts.
Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with Indian tribes
Opened westward expansion for US settlers.
John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.

14. Conflicts with Britain
British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.
Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

15. Conflicts with Britain
British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300
Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.
Jeffersonians called for war
Federalists resisted (financial system).

16. Jay’s Treaty
To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).
Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.
Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

17. Did not stop impressment.
Jay’s Treaty
British agree to pay some damages, but required US to pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts.
Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts).
Did not stop impressment.
John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.

18. Jay’s Treaty
Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.
Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

19. Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans.
Picnkneys
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……

20. Who is on the ten dollar bill?

21. HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN
Foreign Debt
$11,710,000
Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems:
Pay off $80 million debt
Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products
Tariff: a tax on imports
Establish good credit with foreign nations
Create a national bank with a national currency
Raise money for govt backed by gold silver
Federal Domestic Debt
$42,414,000
State Debt
$21,500,000
Misc. Revenue
Excise Tax on Whiskey
Custom Duties (Tariffs)
Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C.
debt

22. Hamilton’s Economic Plan
As 1st Secretary of Treasury what is Hamilton’s job?
Create a strong basis for the nations economy.
What is his solution?
Establish a national bank:
The Bank of the United States (BUS)

23. First Bank of the United States
What does the BUS do?
1. Stabilizes the nations currency
2. Pays off national and state debts
3. Establishes Tariffs (tax on foreign goods)
4. Establishes Federal Taxes

25. First Bank of the United States
Problems with the Bank of the United States:
1. This is the first time the Federal Government will use its power to tax.
American’s paid state taxes under the Articles of Confederation but have never had to pay a federal tax!
2. Is the Bank of the United States Constitutional?

26. Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……
whiskeymap

27. WHISKEY REBELLION 1794 Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania.
Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax
Believed it was an unfair tax.
Were called the “Whiskey Rebels”

28. Whiskey Rebellion

29. WHISKEY REBELLION Outcome:
Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution
Outcome:
Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy”
Showed the power of the national government
President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

30. Is the Bank of the United States Constitutional?
Strict Interpretation – belief that the federal government only has powers specifically listed in the Constitution
Loose Interpretation – belief that Congress can make laws that are not forbidden by the Constitution and are necessary to carry out what the Constitution implies. 30

31. Disagreement over the National Bank and how to interpret the Constitution leads to the development of a 2 party system in the United States.
Federalists v. Anti- Federalists

32. Born into poverty in the British West Indies, Alexander Hamilton was orphaned at age 13 and went to work as a shipping clerk. He joined the army during the American Revolution and became an aide to General Washington. Intensely ambitious, Hamilton quickly moved up in society. Although in his humble origins Hamilton had little faith in the common citizen and sided with the interests of upper class Americans. Hamilton said of Jefferson’s beloved common people: “your people, sir, your people is a great beast!”
Alexander Hamilton 32

33. Alexander Hamilton Pro National Bank (BUS) Loose Interpretation
“The Constitution gives the Federal Government the power to tax. We need somewhere to put the money, therefore it is necessary and proper to have a national bank.” 33

34. Federalists Favored strong federal power.
Believed rich, educated elite should rule
Loose Interpretation
BUS is constitutional
Pro-British
Supporters = merchants, landowners, lawyers, clergy & investors (North) 34

35. The writer of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson began his political career at age 26, when he was elected to Virginia’s colonial legislature. In 1779 he was elected governor of Virginia and in he was appointed minister to France. He served as secretary of state from 1790 to A southern planter, Jefferson was also an inventor and founder of the University of Virginia. Despite his elite background and his ownership of slaves, he was a strong ally of the small farmer and average citizen.
Thomas Jefferson 35

36. Thomas Jefferson Against the National Bank (BUS) Strict Interpretation
“The Constitution does not mention a national bank, therefore it is unconstitutional!” 36

37. Anti-Federalists Wanted states to have more power
Believed the common man should play a role in government.
Strict Interpretation
BUS is unconstitutional.
Pro French
Supporters = the “plain people”; farmers and trades people. (South) 37

38. impressment
IMPRESSMENT
Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French were doing this to us.

39. LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
FRENCH REVOLUTION
LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
French Rev
Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis
Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete
similar to King George
Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

40. LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
FRENCH REVOLUTION
LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
French Rev
Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in 1793.
Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.
France goes to war against European kings
France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British
President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

41. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
farewell
Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and
interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.

42. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
farewell
neutrality
I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….April 1793
President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid.
Why?

43. Washington’s Farewell Address
How many years did George Washington serve as President? 8
How many terms? 2
Was there a law limiting him to just 2 terms?
No! He decided to step down after 2 terms because he did not want the Presidency to be like a Monarchy (King/Queen)
– established 2 term limit.

44. WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECH
Washington warned of the dangers of political parties and permanent alliances with other nations.
Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances” became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.
“Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796

45. Neutrality = Isolation
US ISOLATIONISM
Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents--- ”GOOD HISTORIAN”
Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Address in 1796.
No entangling alliances…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to trade with Europe
Neutrality = Isolation

46. Adams Becomes President
1796 campaign
Adams was supported by New England and Federalists
Defeated Jefferson in Electoral College
Jefferson becomes VP
France and US close to war.
Jay’s Treaty
US not honoring the Franco-American Treaty of 1778

47. John Adams 2nd President (1797 – 1801) Federalist
Strengthened Federal power

48. Alien and Sedition Act - 1798
Established by President Adams
Alien Act – raised residency requirement to become a citizen from 5 years to 14 years
Sedition Act - Anyone who is a critic of the government will be thrown in jail
AIM: To keep the Federalists in power and strengthen the power of the Federal Government

49. Alien and Sedition Act
This is the first time the 1st Amendment is attacked.
The Sedition Act takes away freedom of____!

50. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798
States have the right to nullify any federal law they see as unconstitutional.
(drafted by Thomas Jefferson)
AIM: Gives states the power to “ignore” a federal law.
*** Becomes a major issue between the North and South.

51. France upset because we violated the Franco American Treaty of 1778.
impressment
IMPRESSMENT
Impressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy
France began impressing our ships and sailors because of our Neutrality Proclamation.
France upset because we violated the Franco American Treaty of 1778.

52. Fighting with France
French upset by US violation of France-US treaty of 1778
Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward alliance with England
French warships impressed over 300 US merchant ships by 1797

53. XYZ AFFAIR
xyz
To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives (John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace agreement…..
US representatives were snubbed by the French government……
Eventually, 3 French representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they refused to give their names)
XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000 to merely talk with Tallyrand
Insulted, we refused the demands and left France…
US & French begin to fight an undeclared naval war.
Adams Tallyrand
President Adams on the XYX Affair….”I will never send another minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful and independent nation.”

54. French demanded an apology Demanded a $12 million loan.
Cartoon shows the US as a maiden being victimized by the French Directorate while Britain sits aloof on a hill and European leaders discuss America’s plight
The three American envoys were treated with contumely and denied access to the Directory. They were then approached by three men who claimed to be representatives of Talleyrand, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, demanding $250,000 in bribes.      The Federalists used the occasion to foment irrational hatred for all things French, resulting in the super-patriot slogan: "Millions for defense, but not once cent for tribute."
XYZ Affair
French demanded an apology
Demanded a $12 million loan.

55. Patriotism Above Party
New French leader, Napoleon and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain
French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly
1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

56. CONVENTION OF 1800 vs
Adams Napoleon
To prevent a war with France, in 1800, President Adams sent representatives to France to meet with Napoleon and Tallyrand to negotiate a peace agreement…..
Tallyrand guarantees France would accept our representatives and treat them with respect. The agreement was as follows:
Adams/napoleon

57. Adams deserves credit:
CONVENTION OF 1800 vs
Adams Napoleon
Convention of 1800 signed:
ended Franco-American alliance
Adams deserves credit:
Avoided war
Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase
Adams sacrificed his re-election in 1800 to keep US out of war
Patriotism above self-interest
Adams/napoleon

58. Patriotism Above Party
Convention of 1800 signed:
ended Franco-American alliance
Adams deserves credit:
Avoided war
Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase
Adams will not be re-elected in 1800

59. Convention of 1800
Adams sends negotiators to France again in a effort to avoid war.
France agrees to stop seizing American ships
Adams keeps the US from going to war with France!

60. Election of 1800 John Adams (Federalist) vs.
Thomas Jefferson (Anti-Federalist)
*First time there is no winner in the electoral college  House of Rep’s chooses
Winner:
Thomas Jefferson!
-Helped by Aaron Burr

61. Midnight Judges
Supreme Court Judges appointed in the last hour of John Adams Presidency.
*He attempted to add 16 new FEDERALIST judges to the Supreme Court before the new Anti- Federalist President was sworn into office.

62. Marbury v. Madison
Established Supreme Courts power of Judicial Review – Supreme Courts power to declare laws unconstitutional

63. John Marshall
One of the most influential Supreme Court Justices of all time.
Appointed by John Adams – He helped strengthen the power of the Federal government.
Handed down the ruling in the Marbury case.

64. Strict Construction of Constitution
JEFFERSON AND CONTRADICTIONS
Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)
Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French
Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

65. THOMAS JEFFERSON Born in Virginia Graduate of William and Mary College
A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses
Father of the DOI
Secretary of State under President Washington
Vice President under Adams
Owned 200 slaves

66. Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65.
ELECTION OF 1800
Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College
Problem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans
Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

67. AARON BURR Aaron Burr (1756-1836) Born in Newark N.J.
Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war.
A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton
Vice President of the United States ( ).
Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel
Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

68. REVOLUTION OF 1800 Significance of Election of 1800
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another
“revolutionary” achievement

69. Thomas Jefferson
3rd President
(1801 – 1809)
Anti Federalist

70. How big was the US in 1803?

71. Louisiana Purchase Who: Owned by France
What: US Needs right of deposit at port of New Orleans
Why: So farmers can trade their goods
When: 1803
How: Bought for $15 million
Importance: Doubled the size of the United States

73. Louisiana Purchase
What did Thomas Jefferson think about the Louisiana Purchase?
He was worried it was unconstitutional!
Strict Interpretation – it does not mention anywhere in the Constitution buying land from another country.

74. Lewis and Clark
Hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory.
#1 Goal = find a Northwest passage
(a water route to the Pacific Ocean)
Did they meet this goal? They reached the Pacific Ocean but did not find a water route.