1. 1) When Egypt was first developed, it was separated into 2 main areas: Lower Egypt Upper Egypt a) Region towards the moutha) The region where the valley is of the Nile Rivercarved into the desert. 2) Soon Egypt established a Pharaoh (a ruler) and dynasties, because of this Egyptian history was divided into three major periods: a) The Old Kingdom 3,100 BC b) The Middle Kingdom 2,000 BC c) The New Kingdom 1,500 BC 3) There was a total of 31 dynasties during all 3 periods in Egyptian history.

3. Old Kingdom: Important Terms 1. Pharaoh: a ruler who would govern with complete authority. 2. Dynasty: was a period during which a single family provided a succession of rulers. 3. Mastabas: Tombs that are flat-topped, single-story, trapezoidal structures. 4. Sarcophagus: Stone coffin. **These protected the deceased ruler/pharaoh’s mummy.

4. The Narmer Palette, also known as the Palette of Narmer, is a significant Egyptian archeological find, dating from about 3100 BC, containing some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found. It is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. It is referred that the Narmer Palette as "the first historical document in the world".[1] Each side is divided into registers, or horizontal bands. Egyptian hieroglyphicUpperLower EgyptNarmer[1]Egyptian hieroglyphicUpperLower EgyptNarmer[1]

5. OLD KINGDOM 1) The Old Kingdom began around 3100 B.C, it was the richest and most creative period in Egyptian history. Lower and Upper Egypt were brought together by the pharaoh Menes. 2) All the pyramids were built at this time. The first to build one was King Djoser himself. 3) Pyramid-building is mathematically not a complex affair, but the Egyptians learned the art slowly. Djoser's pyramid, called the Stepped Pyramid, is not a smooth pyramid, but a series of six bases built one on top of another. 4) What was the purpose/function of pyramids??

6. 4) King Djoser hired an innovative royal architect by the name of Imhotep to build his famous Stepped Pyramid. 5) The Stepped Pyramid was a pyramid with stepped construction by placing 6 mastaba-like structures of decreasing size on top of each other. 6) **It’s important to know that Imotep has the honor of being the first known artist in recorded history! 7) Even though the Stepped Pyramid resembles the Sumerians ziggurats, the purpose of this structure is much different. The Ziggurats were made out of mud bricks whereas the Stepped Pyramid is a limestone tomb designed to protect King Djoser’s mummy and symbolize his godlike power.

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8. ART ACTIVITY **On the sheet provided, design YOUR version of a Stepped Pyramid. Keep the following in mind when designing your pyramid: 1)What will it look like on the A) outside and B) Inside and C) below? You MUST draw all three views. 2)If you were constructing one for a Pharaoh, what would your traps and secret passage ways look like and why? What is your pyramid hiding besides the body? Below your drawing give a description of your stepped pyramid and your design 3)Be CREATIVE and INVENTIVE with your design and layout! **Use the real ones you learned about as a GUIDE to help create yours!

10. Importance of Kings/Pharaohs: Importance of Kings/Pharaohs: The Pharaoh or king played a very important role in Egyptian life. Pharaohs were considered the son of the sun god named Re. Because of this pharaoh’s were seen as godlike and they had absolute power. A pharaoh’s power did not end when they died because Egyptians believe that the pharaoh rejoined his solar father and continued to influence life along the Nile. Egypt’s monumental works of art were built to ensure the pharaoh’s continuing goodwill. The Pharaoh or king played a very important role in Egyptian life. Pharaohs were considered the son of the sun god named Re. Because of this pharaoh’s were seen as godlike and they had absolute power. A pharaoh’s power did not end when they died because Egyptians believe that the pharaoh rejoined his solar father and continued to influence life along the Nile. Egypt’s monumental works of art were built to ensure the pharaoh’s continuing goodwill.

12. Importance of Religion 1) Religion was extremely important to ancient Egyptians. 2) Their religion placed great importance on the resurrection of the soul and having eternal life in a spirit world after death. 3) They believed the human soul (also called the “Ka”) came into being with the body and remained in the body until death. 4) At death, the “ka” would leave the body for awhile and eventually return/reunite with the body fro the journey to the next world and immortality.

13. 5) If a body were ever lost or destroyed the “ka” would be left to spend eternity wandering aimlessly. 6) Egyptians went to great lengths to preserve and protect the body after death. 7) Egyptians had a complicated preservation process: embalming and wrapping the body in strips of cloth and then burying the body in a fortress-like tomb. Example: Mummies/Mummification

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15. The Great Pyramids of Giza 1) The most important tombs were built for the pharaohs. 2) Many of these tombs came in the form of pyramids. 3) Pharaohs were given such elaborate tombs because to the people they were expected to join other gods after death.

16. 4) These gods that they were expected to join were: a) Re- Sun god b) Osiris- God of the Nile/ruler of underworld c) Isis- the great mother god 5) EACH pyramid was built to house and protect the body of the pharaoh along with all his treasures, etc. 6) The body was always sealed in a Sarcophagus- a stone coffin. 7) Most of these pyramids contained dead end passages, fake chambers, etc. to confuse robbers and enemies. This was all in order to protect the body so it made it to the after life.

17. 1) The three largest and most famous pyramids located in the valley consist of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the Pyramid of Kafhre and the Pyramid of Menkaura. Each Pyramid is a tomb dedicated to a different king of Egypt. Unfortunately, like many of the great kings of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Pyramids of Menkaura, Khufu, and Kafhre were not finished by the end of each respective king's reign. Old KingdomOld Kingdom

18. 2) The whole complex/ area around these 3 pyramids are connected by a cause way, to 3 valley temples and the Sphnix, these in turn are linked by a canal to the Nile. 3) It took thousands of workers decades to complete a single pyramid. 4) Each pyramid was made from limestone. 5) Each piece of limestone was carefully lifted into place.

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20. S culptures from the Old Kingdom WHAT SIMILARITIES DO YOU SEE BETWEEN THESE TWO IMAGES??? Sculpture of Khafre The Great Sphinx

21. The Sphinx 1) The Great Sphinx is one of the world’s largest and oldest statues 2) This was one of the most familiar/impressive examples of sculpture during the Old Kingdom. 3) Carved from one piece of solid rock at the site. 4) The head is that of the pharaoh Khafre placed on the body of a lion. 5) It’s total height is 65 ft.

22. Why Sculptures were so Important: Why Sculptures were so Important: What would happen if a ruler’s mummy was damaged or destroyed? Fortunately, sculptors had an ingenious alternative. If something happened to the mummy, a statue could serve as an abode for the Ka (soul). The Egyptian sculptures you see today in museums, etc. were originally created for tombs and temples.

23. 1) Egyptians believed that even if the real body of a pharaoh, etc. were destroyed, the ka (soul) would be able to enter the stone substitute for the journey to the next world. 2)When artists created images of the pharaoh, they wanted to make sure that all the parts of the body were clearly shown so strict rules were set when creating their art pieces. This was important for example: if an arm were hidden behind the body in a relief sculpture or painting, it meant that the ka (soul) would enter a body that was without an arm and would be deformed throughout eternity. 3) A complete image was vital which to them was more important then making the art piece beautiful which caused distortion and unnatural looks.

24. Statue of Khafre Khafre. 1) The artistic principle that “form follows function” provides a key to understanding Old Kingdom sculpture. For example: carefully look at the famous seated statue of Khafre. 2) The statue is designed to last for eternity. It is made out of diorite, one of the hardest and most durable stones a sculptor can use.

25. Statue of Khafre 3) The sculpture of Khafre’s body is regal and compact, with no exposed limbs that could break!!! WHY??? * He is portrayed as having muscular, flawless body that befits an all-powerful god-king. The falcon god, Horus, who enfolds the king’s head with his wings, protects him. 4)The Statue of Khafre projects dignity, power, and above all, permanence.

26. The Middle Kingdom ( 2050-1800 B.C.) 1) Nobles from the city of Thebes unified the country during this time. 2) This was a time of law and order in Egypt. 3) Pharaohs weren’t as powerful during this time. 4) During the end of this period, the Egyptians were invaded by the Hyksos, but soon the Egyptians regained control of their country again.

27. Some Important Art Pieces from the Middle Kingdom 1)Cartouche: An oval or oblong figure in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics that encloses characters expressing the names or epithets of royal or divine personages. 2)The Rosetta Stone: is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing.Ancient Egyptianartifacthieroglyphic

28. Middle Kingdom Statues/Sculptures 1) Expression was very important for example, skill and sensitivity were used during this period. 2) The sculpture of King Sesostris III is a great example of this style. a) This particular sculpture captures the pharaoh as having concern and resignation on his face and NOT authority or strength. b) “The firmly set mouth and “worry” lines above the eyes convey a look that is troubled and weary.”

30. Relief Sculptures This is another form of art where sculptures are carved directly into the wall or a flat type of surface (usually stone, metal or wood). A great example of this is the Relief sculpture: Methethy with His Daughter (pg. 159, Figure 7.12) 1) What can you tell me that’s unusual about this Relief Sculpture?

31. Relief Sculptures Methethy with His Daughter (pg. 159, Figure 7.12) 2) Why do you think the figures in this particular piece and others are positioned in such specific manner?

32. Why do you think the figures in this particular piece and others are positioned in such specific manner? Remember what was mentioned about the structure of statues in the Old Kingdom, the same rules apply with paintings and Relief Sculptures: “The Egyptians were greatly concerned about life after death. Paintings, Sculptures and Relief Sculptures of the dead were meant to serve as SUBSTITUES for the body. When artists created images of the Pharaoh, they wanted to make sure ALL the parts of the body were clearly shown.” Pg. 159 WHY??

33. Paintings 1) During this period, it became difficult and too expensive to carve relief sculptures into or on the rough, hard walls of the cliff tombs. 2)Another reason for the use of wall paintings was because in the past, at one point, it was customary for pharaoh's to have his wife, servants and slaves buried with him, so when he arrived in the afterlife he would have all of his family, etc with him. In time, this practice was done away with. 3) As a replacement to both of these, paintings became important and a form of its own.

34. Paintings PROCESS a) First the walls of the cliffs are smoothed out and then covered with plaster. b) Once the plaster was dry, the artist(s) could begin working on the painting. c) The artist(s) would draw a series of horizontal lines and within these lines, they would use and carefully place animal and figure images to tell a story which was about the deceased whom was in the tomb.

35. black d) The image was then painted in with rich reds and yellows with black and blue/green used for contrast. e) The images always looked flat with NO dimension. f) These images represent or can be compared to today’s comic strip.

36. Wall Paintings

38. The New Kingdom 1) This time period was known as the most brilliant of Egyptian history. 2) The most important pharaoh’s from this time were: a) Amenhotep III b) Amenhotep’s son- Amenhotep IV c) Queen Nefertitid) King Tutankhamun- King Tut

39. The New Kingdom 3) Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton in honor of the god Aton. 4) Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Egypt. 5) Egypt became famous in history for its huge pyramids, tombs, stone statues, wall paintings and carved/painted reliefs. Akhenaton Nefertiti King Tutankhamun

40. New Kingdom Sculptures 1) Sculptures were commissioned to complete a variety of works. 2) These works ranged from large tomb sculptures that were carved into rock to smaller pieces that were used to decorate temples. 3) During this time period, the statues of pharaohs were often massive, reaching heights up to 90 ft. 4) Some of these statues were painted and had eyes made from rock crystals. These features/techniques heightened their realistic appearance.

41. 5) Sculptures during the reign of Amenhotep IV also known as Akhenaton looked much more realistic. 6) Sculptures took on a more natural, lifelike look, rather than a solemn, stiffness that was preferred by earlier pharaoh’s 7) Much of the art produced after Akenaton’s death still remained realistic with relaxing poses.

43. New Kingdom Tombs 1)The inside of tombs during this time period took on a new look: they contained wall paintings, some relief sculptures (but NOT many) and hieroglyphics. a) Hieroglyphics- An early form of picture writing. 2) Even though these tombs took on a new look, they still followed the strict rules of Egyptian Art. 3)Two examples of wall paintings during this time period are: a) Nakht and His Wife b) False Door Stela

44. Nakht and His Wife 1)This is a great example of what wall paintings looked like inside tombs during the New Kingdom. 2)This particular painting was of a priest named Nakht and his wife. 3)The painting(s) consist of Nakht and his wife surrounded by servants who are busy doing various activities etc. for the priest and his wife.

45. 1)Notice the priest and his wife are considerably larger in size to show their importance. 2)Their poses are stiff and solemn because this is how people of high ranking were portrayed. 3)The servants poses are portrayed with more natural ones. 4)Hieroglyphics are also used in these wall paintings. They help to communicate/tell the story.

46. Nakht and His Wife