1. Exploration 1450-1700 Is contact with other cultures beneficial or harmful to a civilization?

2. Exploration-In a Nutshell
When: What: Exploration, Conquest, Colonization Who: Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch, England and other European countries Where: Africa, the Americas, Asia Result: Diffusion of ideas and cultural forces that reshaped the global environment

3. Order of Exploration by Country
Portugal
Spain
France
The Dutch
England

4. The Order That Conquest and Colonization Happened
Explorers
Conquistadors
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers
Official European Colony

5. Major Explorers and Their Voyages
Bartholomeu Dias’ voyage (1487)
Christopher Columbus’ first voyage ( )
Christopher Columbus’ second voyage ( )
Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India ( )
John Cabot’s first voyage (1497)
John Cabot’s second voyage (1498)
Christopher Columbus’ third voyage (1498)
Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage ( )
Christopher Columbus’ fourth voyage ( )
Magellan’s voyage around the world ( )

6. A Map of the Known World Before 1492

7. What Encouraged Exploration?
Marco Polo took the Silk Road, returned 23 years later to Venice with the goods and ideas he had brought back from China.

8. What Encouraged Exploration?
Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1448-people could read accounts of previous explorers.
Nations seeking new sources of revenue.
Desire to spread Christianity
Generally curiosity about the world

9. The Three G’s
Gold-Wealth of all kind Glory-More land meant glory for their kingdoms God- Convert the native people to Christianity After the Reformation there was competition between the Catholics and Protestants to win converts

10. The Portuguese Prince Henry “The Navigator”
Not an explorer but was a patron and sponsor
Created a navigation school at Sagres, Portugal to encourage exploration
Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration

11. What Prince Henry the Navigator Wanted
Prince Henry gathered scientists, cartographers-mapmakers- and other experts at his navigation school
Goal: to find a water route to Asia to allow Portugal to trade directly with the East
He died before the route was found.
Portugal learned a lot about the African coast line including that gold and slaves were plentiful!

12. New Maritime Technology
Hartman Astrolabe 1532
Caravel: Faster, more economical.
Could navigate shallow coastal
waters and rivers.
Lateen Sail: triangular sail
Mariner’s Compass

13. Improvements in Navigation
Better maps: follow coasts at first, used compass
Better ships: Caravels- square sails and new hull design, heavy enough to carry canon
Astrolabe- magnetic compass to sail by the stars
Knowledge of wind patterns
The astrolabe was used to determine latitude, the north-south position on the globe, by measuring the height or altitude of celestial bodies over the horizon and making a calculation using the known declination of the star.

14. Magnetic Compass

15. Caravel

16. The Portuguese Go To Africa and to Asia

17. Built Forts to establish their presence.
Portuguese in Bahrain
Built Forts to establish their presence.

18. Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese sailed for Portugal.
First European to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1488-did not make it to Asia
Dias accompanied Cabral on the voyage that resulted in the discovery of Brazil
Died in heavy seas off the African coast May 29, 1500.

19. Vasco da Gama Portuguese-sailed for Portugal
Opened a new water route for trade between Europe and Asia
, the first to travel around the southern most tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope and reach India.

20. Vasco da Gama
Very profitable voyage- returned with a cargo of spices and made a profit of several thousand percent. Died of an illness in India on December 24, 1524

21. Vasco da Gama First Voyage 1497–1499
Cape of Good Hope

22. The Portuguese in Africa
King Affonso was the ruler of Kongo
Worked as a partner with the Portuguese to modernize his country into a Christian state
The Portuguese also wanted slaves
Initially slavery was limited to war captives, who were numerous because of various local battles and continual border disputes
When Affonso realized the toll the slave trade was taking on Kongo he wrote letters to the King of Portugal describing how his society was being ruined because of the slave trade
Affonso was not successful at stopping the slave trade.

23. Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese-sailed for Spain Sailed around the southern tip of South America. His crew was the first to circumnavigate-go around- the earth This voyage: proved that the world was round

24. Magellan named the Pacific Ocean after the Latin word meaning peaceful.

25. The Spaniards find the New World- By accident!

26. The Spanish
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted Spain to be a united, Catholic kingdom
Inquisition- Ordered all Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain. Even Christians could be punished if they were suspected of defying the church.
They were eager to spread Catholicism and profit from new trade routes

27. Christopher Columbus From Genoa sailed for Spain
Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage
Believed that he could reach Asia, in the east, by sailing west
Did not know about American continents

28. The First Voyage

29. The First Voyage Set sail on August 3, 1492
Crew of 90 men, two caravels -the Niña and the Pinta- and his flagship, the Santa Maria
Near mutinous situation on the ship: terrible conditions voyage was taking far longer than thought
Columbus promised his men they would turn back if land was not spotted in three days

30. The First Voyage Landed in the Bahamas October 12, 1492
He called it San Salvador
Called the native people ‘los Indios’ Inhabitants of the Indies
They were Tainos.

31. Columbus Greeted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Upon His Return to Spain From the New World

32. Other Voyages of Columbus
Columbus had a total of four voyages
Approach to natives and Spanish alike proved to be brutal in other voyages
Spanish colonists’ rebel and set up own colonies
Sent back to Spain in chains for being a tyrannical leader
May 11, 1502-Fouth voyage
Fernando, his son goes with him
Died in Spain believing he explored part of Asia

33. Voyages of Christopher Columbus

34. Spain and Portugal compete with each other for trade profits, so who gets what?

35. Why is Portuguese Spoken in Brazil?

36. The Treaty of Tordesillas
The Pope Split the “New World” between
Spain and Portugal
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

37. Treaty Details
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 Divided up all the land on the Earth outside of Europe, no matter who was already living there. Pope Alexander VI was the pope at the time of the treaty. He drew an imaginary line 480 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the rulers of Spain at the time. This treaty was signed at Tordesillas, hence the name of it.

38. The Treaty of Tordesillas
The House on the top center left to the tower  is where the treaty was concluded in 1494
The treaty with the signature of the sovereign of Spain and Portugal

40. Amerigo Vespucci
Born in Florence, worked for the Medici and sailed for Spain
Sailed around the coast of South America and concluded it was not Asia but a new land.
America was later named after him for this vital discovery.

41. The Columbian Exchange
An exchange between the Americas and the rest of the world.
Result of Columbus’s voyages to the New Word,
European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians
European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians

42. These items came from North or South America
These items came from Europe, Africa or Asia
Avocado Beans
Cashews Chocolate
Corn Guinea pig
Peanuts Pineapple
Potatoes Pumpkin
Rubber Silver
Sunflower Tobacco
Tomatoes Turkey
Vanilla
Pumpkin (squash)
Bananas Cabbage
Chicken Citrus
Coffee Cows
Garlic Grapes
Horses Lettuce
Onion Peaches
Pigs Rats
Rice Sheep
Smallpox Sugar
Tea Wheat
Black pepper

43. Included slaves and manufactured goods
Triangular Trade
Included slaves and manufactured goods

44. The Columbian Exchange

45. Disease Smallpox, measles, and influenza
Natives had no immunity, or resistance, to disease
Wiped out village after village
By 1500 as much as 90% of the native population in the Caribbean had died
Great advantage to the Europeans wanting to take control of the indigenous people

46. Horses on Boats!

47. Impact of the Columbian Exchange
Europeans needed labor to farm the land: plantation system/Encomienda.
Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of slaves from the Americas and Africa.
Slavery was based on race.

48. Encomienda System
Encomienda: the right of the Spanish government to use Native Americans as laborers but not necessarily as slaves.
Began in 1503
Result of the plantation system: Destroyed the indigenous population and economics
Damaged the environment.

49. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
Dedicated his life to abolishing the Encomienda system.
Proposed replacing the slave labor of the natives with slaves from Africa.
He eventually recanted this as well, and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies

50. Middle Passage
The stage of triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World Ships departed Europe for Africa with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans Africans were transported across the Atlantic Slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials

51. African Slavery

52. Triangular Trade

53. Plan of A Slave Ship

54. Consequences of the African Slave Trade
African families torn apart African culture lost generations of members Through the skills and labor of African slaves, the economy of the Americas prospers

55. Colonial Economies
Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export Outposts of colonial authority were established in major cities: Havana, Mexico City, Lima, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires

56. Commercial Revolution
European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources.
The belief was that there was a limited amount of wealth in the world so a country had to get their hands on as much of it as possible
New money and banking systems were created.
A new economic system emerged~ mercantilism

57. Mercantilism
According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver.
Mercantilism was an economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient
This set of principles dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century

58. Balance of Trade
The difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time

59. Conquest of South America

60. Hernán Cortés and the Aztec
1521- Cortes conquered Montezuma and the Aztec’s in Tenochtitlan, Mexico
Mexico City was rebuilt on the ruins of Tenochtitlan

61. Tenochtitlan by Hernán Cortés
This 1524 map depicts the thriving Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, based on the eyewitness account of Hernán Cortés.
Printed map, hand colored

62. Pizarro Defeated the Inca
1532- Collision at Cajamarca
You already know the rest of the story!!

63. Colonies

64. Characteristics of the Colonial System
Colonial governments mirrored the home governments
A viceroy, or representative ruled in the name of the King (monarch)
Francisco de Almeida,
first viceroy of Portuguese India

65. A Layered Society
The separation of the various peoples in the colonies created a very intricate list of names to describe one's precise race and, by consequence, one's place in society
Peninsulares-born in Spain, held highest positions in colonial government and Catholic Church
Creole- American born descendants of Spanish settlers, owned most of the plantations, ranches and mines.

66. A Layered Society
Mestizo- Native American and European descendant Mulatto- African and European descendant African and Native American descendant were the lowest social class
"Spaniard and Indian produce Mestizo"

67. The philosophy led to the separation of the various peoples in the colonies and created a very intricate list of nomenclature to describe one's precise race and, by consequence, one's place in society. To illustrate how complex this nomenclature became the following list was in use in New Spain (Mexico) during the eighteenth century: Spaniard and Indian = Mestizo (50% European and 50% Native American) Mestizo and Spanish woman = Castizo (75% European and 25% Native American) Castizo woman and Spaniard = Spaniard (87.5% European and 12.5% Native American) Spanish woman and black man = Mulatto (50% European and 50% African) Spaniard and Mulatto = Morisco (75% European and 25% African) Morisco woman and Spaniard = Albino (87.5% European and 12.5% African) Spaniard and Albino woman = Torna atrás (lit. "turn back") (93,75% European and 6,25% African) Indian man and Torna atrás woman = Lobo (50% Native American, 46,875% European, and 3,125% African) Lobo and Indian woman = Zambaigo (75% Native American, 23,4375% European, and 1,5625% African) Zambaigo and Indian woman = Cambujo (87.5% Native American, 11,71875% European, and 0,78125% African) Cambujo and mulatto woman = Albarazado (43.75% Native American, 30,859375% European, and 25,390625% African) Albarazado and Mulatto woman = Barcino (40.43% European, 21.87% Native American, and 37.7% African) Barcino and Mulatto woman = Coyote (45.215% European, % Native American, and 43.85% African) Coyote woman and Indian man = Chamiso ( % European, % Native American, and % African) Chamiso woman and Mestizo = Coyote mestizo ( % European, % Native American, and % African) Coyote mestizo and Mulatto woman = Ahí te estás ("there you stay") ( % European, Native American, and African)

68. Population Distribution of Spanish America

69. Other Explorers

70. Sailing for Spain…

71. Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Balboa led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama in1513.
Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean

72. Sailing for England…

73. John Cabot Italian-Sailed for England
June 21, 1497 John Cabot landed in Nova Scotia
Shipwrecked and drowned during second voyage in 1498.
Cabot's expeditions were the first of Britain's claims to Canada and East Coast of US

74. Sir Francis Drake
Famous for leading the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580 Pirate! His job was to disrupt the Spanish voyages to the New World

75. Circumnavigation of Drake

76. Sailing for France…

77. Jacques Cartier
French-Voyages funded by Francois I Looking for a passage to Asia first European to travel inland in North America. Claimed Canada for France Three voyages

80. Sailing for Holland…

81. The Dutch
The first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian Trade
Goal: to find a Northwest passage.
Is there a Northwest passage?
English sailor Henry Hudson claimed New York for the Dutch in 1609.

82. Canada

83. END PPT
Other information follows:

84. Curriculum Guide:
Ferdinand Magellan Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco da Gama Francisco Pizzarro Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus Francis Drake Hernan Cortez

85. Portugal—Vasco da Gama Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan England—Francis Drake France—Jacques Cartier

87. Sources
Vespucci: Spanish Empire: Layered society Slave Trade: After Pizarro: Food in Colonial Peru and Today (Conclusion):