1. The Eve of Civil War

2. North vs. South The North The North 1860 Population = 22 million 1860 Population = 22 million Industrial society Industrial society Fluid, dynamic, growing Fluid, dynamic, growing The South 1860 Population = 9 million (3.5 to 4 million slaves) Agricultural society Static, conservative society

3. Antebellum North Industrialization continued Industrialization continued More inventions More inventions John Deere: steel edged plow John Deere: steel edged plow Cyrus McCormick: reaper Cyrus McCormick: reaper Working conditions Working conditions Late 1830s: good (attraction of west) Late 1830s: good (attraction of west) After 1837: worse (surplus of labor => immigration) After 1837: worse (surplus of labor => immigration) Transportation / communication Transportation / communication Telegraph, Pony Express (1860) Telegraph, Pony Express (1860) Savannah (1819) – first oceanic steamship Savannah (1819) – first oceanic steamship Clipper ships, through 1850s Clipper ships, through 1850s Importance: united Western farms with NE industry to create industrial North Importance: united Western farms with NE industry to create industrial North

4. Antebellum North Immigration Rapid increase in immigration from Ireland, Germany Ireland: UK oppression, potato famine Germany: autocratic rulers, failed revolutions of 1830 & 1848 US seen as escape, place of hope Irish to cities in NE Germans to farms, cities of Midwest

5. Antebellum North Perception of immigration Threat to “American way of life” Economics Religion (“Popery”) Language Reaction to immigration Discrimination (“NINA”) American (“Know Nothing”) Party Plunge in work conditions Ad, New York Times (1854)

6. Antebellum North Cheap labor, strikes, led to reform Child labor Shorter work day Work conditions “Organized labor” emerges 1834: Nat’l Trades Union – America’s first union

7. Antebellum South Social Structure Planters – owned at least 20 slaves 50,000 in 1860 2,500 owned 100-500 slaves 3 owned 500+ slaves Small Slave Owners Owned 2-3 slaves Not accepted into planter society Small farmers No slaves (looked up to planters) Laborers & tenants Skilled crafters Mobile Planter’s home (1861)

8. Antebellum South Social structure, cont. Poor whites Subsistence farmers Generally anti-slavery “Poor white trash”; “Piney white folks”; “crackers” Free blacks Born or set free Often educated Lived in cities, for safety Slaves House slaves Field workers

9. Antebellum South South nickname = “King Cotton” 1791: 4000 bales (500 lbs. each) of cotton produced 1793: invention of cotton gin 1860: 4 million bales produced 1860, cotton represented 2/3 of all US exports

10. Road to Civil War: Slavery Debate Anti-Slavery justifications Anti-Slavery justifications Religion: Christian ethic Religion: Christian ethic Morality: slavery utterly evil Morality: slavery utterly evil Humanity: disruption of families, cruel treatment of other humans Humanity: disruption of families, cruel treatment of other humans Freedom: denied political, civil rights Freedom: denied political, civil rights Enlightened thinking: equality denied Enlightened thinking: equality denied Pro Slavery justifications Slaves were inferior, uncivilized, child like “classical” civilizations used slaves Better than “wage slave” Northern system “Cotton Kingdom”, US depended on slavery Bible upheld slavery Slavery was profitable Fear of change in relationship between whites, blacks No alternative to slavery, in South Slavery seen as a positive good (unified South)

11. Road to Civil War: Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Dred Scott was a slave owned by an army doctor Dred Scott was a slave owned by an army doctor Owner moved to free state (Illinois) Owner moved to free state (Illinois) Scott: am I free because I’m in a free state? Scott: am I free because I’m in a free state? Supreme Court: NO! Supreme Court: NO! Any person descended from a black African was not a citizen Any person descended from a black African was not a citizen MO Compromise was unconstitutional, b/c Congress did not have power to free all Black Africans or give them citizenship (5 th Am) MO Compromise was unconstitutional, b/c Congress did not have power to free all Black Africans or give them citizenship (5 th Am) Effectively, SC said slaves were property, it could not be excluded from North or the territories Effectively, SC said slaves were property, it could not be excluded from North or the territories North horrified! North horrified! Dred Scott Chief Justice Roger Taney

12. Road to Civil War Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 Lincoln: coming of age of Republican cause Lincoln: coming of age of Republican cause Douglas: popular sovereignty survived Dred Scott Douglas: popular sovereignty survived Dred Scott Douglas won Senate seat, but Lincoln gained national attention Douglas won Senate seat, but Lincoln gained national attention John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry, 1859 John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry, 1859raid Southern militias started training after raid Southern militias started training after raid Secession talk increased w/ approaching election Secession talk increased w/ approaching election

13. Election of 1860 Four candidates Northern Ds: Douglas (status quo, pop. Sovereignty) Southern Ds: Breckenridge (protect slavery, S. rights) Republican: Lincoln (against extension of slavery) (not on 10 ballots, in South) Constitutional Union: Bell (status quo) People went to polls knowing that six states would secede if Lincoln elected Results Lincoln (R):180 ECV / 1,865,593 Breckenridge (SD): 72 ECV / 1,382,713 Douglas (ND): 12 ECV / 848,356 Bell (U): 39 ECV / 592,906

14. Abraham Lincoln Born in KY, 1809, log cabin Little formal education – self taught 6’5” tall, very strong – “wrassler” Moved to Springfield at age 21 New Orleans trip (1832) Became attorney, 1 term Congressman, President

15. Secession South saw election of Lincoln as radicalization of Union South saw election of Lincoln as radicalization of Union Secession by inauguration (4/61): SC, MI, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX Secession by inauguration (4/61): SC, MI, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX TX – ¼ of entire Federal army surrendered, joined confederacy TX – ¼ of entire Federal army surrendered, joined confederacy Feb 1861: Jefferson Davis (US Senator from SC) took oath of office as President of CSA Feb 1861: Jefferson Davis (US Senator from SC) took oath of office as President of CSA VA, AK, NC, TN joined CSA after Fort Sumter surrender VA, AK, NC, TN joined CSA after Fort Sumter surrender MO, KY divided between N, S MO, KY divided between N, S WV formed out of VA (anti-slavery part) WV formed out of VA (anti-slavery part)