1. Module 1: Foundation of health emergency response operation

2. Module description
This module introduces the key concepts, principles and frameworks of emergency management system, which serves as the foundation of health emergency response operation.
It covers the functional and organizational elements of Emergency Operation Center
It discusses the organizations, significant systems (ex. Coordination), resources and partners.
Describes how the functional elements of emergency management work together to produce a coherent, appropriately scaled response

3. Module Objectives
At end of this module the participants will be able to:
Relate ERO in the overall Emergency Management Framework
Describe Emergency Response Operation
Discuss the elements of Emergency Operation Center
Apply the principles of an EOC ; and
Develop a plan to improve coordination in their own setting

4. Module Content: Emergency Management Framework
Health Emergency Response
Emergency Operation Center and Health Emergency Operation Center
Coordination and Interoperability at different levels

5. Session 1: Emergency Management Framework
Session Objective:
At the end of the session, participants shall be able to describe Emergency Management Framework and Health Emergency Response Operation

6. Q & A Give 3 examples of the following terms: Hazard Risk
Vulnerability
Emergency
Disaster
Community
Capacity

7. A Logical Framework of Terminology
Hazard
Any potential threat to public safety and/or public health

8. Types of hazards Natural hazards
Examples: typhoons, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, drought
Technological hazards
Examples: fire, chemical spill, industrial incidents, transportation accidents, radio-nuclear incidents
Biological hazards
Examples: disease outbreaks, Red Tide Phenomenon, Food poisoning, etc
Societal hazards
Examples: Rallies, war, armed conflict, Stampede

9. Risk A Logical Framework of Terminology
Anticipated consequences of specific hazard interacting with specific community (at specific time)
Hazard
COMMUNITY
(Vulnerable)
RISKS
People
Property
Services
Environment
Livelihood
Capacity
Emergency
Disaster
“Risk Management”

10. Vulnerabilities A Logical Framework of Terminology
Factors which increase the risks arising from specific hazard in specific community
Determinants of risks
Hazard
COMMUNITY
(Vulnerable)
RISKS
People
Property
Services
Environment
Livelihood
Capacity
Emergency
Disaster
“Risk Management”
“Risk Management”

11. “Vulnerable Groups” Vulnerabilities are:
Those who because of constraints of an economic, social, ethnic, biological, physical or geographical nature, are less able to cope with the impact of hazards than other members of their community or society
Vulnerabilities are:
Intrinsic - specific to the individual - age, sex, health status, mobility, literacy, habits, behaviour etc
Extrinsic - shared by groups within a community - location, environment, poverty, availability of services, culture etc.

12. A Logical Framework of Terminology
Community
is a legally constituted administrative local government unit of a country

13. Elements of the community exposed to hazards
people
property
services
livelihoods
environment
The hospital is a part of the community which possesses also the five elements: people; property; services; livelihood; and environment.

14. Capacities A Logical Framework of Terminology are determinants of risk
An assessment of ability to manage an emergency (risk modifier) – total capacity is measured as readiness
Hazard
COMMUNITY
(Vulnerable)
RISKS
People
Property
Services
Environment
Livelihood
People
Property
Services
Environment
Livelihood
Capacity
Emergency
Disaster

15. Examples of Capacities
Laws, policies, plans, procedures
Trained personnel; knowledge, skills and attitudes
Code alert systems
Institutional arrangements
Management structures
Facilities, material resources
“Risk Management”

16. Ten key elements of preparedness
Legal Framework
Policies
Procedures
Guidelines
Plans
Resources
Authority
Knowledge
Skills
Awareness
National, provincial, local, agency and institutional level
Personal and community level

17. A Logical Framework of Terminology
Emergency
An actual threat to public safety and/or public
health
An emergency is anything urgent and threatening – if urgent action was not taken, something bad will happen – if you act quickly and appropriately, there is an opportunity to prevent something happening at all, to reduce the seriousness of the situation or to reduce the consequences

18. A Logical Framework of Terminology
Disaster
Any actual threat to public safety and/or
public health where local government and the
emergency services are unable to meet the
immediate needs of the community
A disaster is also an emergency because it needs immediate and urgent action wherein it reaches the point wherein the capacities and emergency services of the local government are not enough to cope with the needs of the community.
All disasters are emergencies but not all emergencies are disasters.
We manage emergencies to prevent disasters.

19. Emergency
An exceptional event of any magnitude that produces damage and injury and potentially exceeds the capacity of normal resources to cope
Effects ranging from localized incidents with limited consequences to wide area disasters with catastrophic consequences
Often referred to as incidents or events, with the terms used interchangeably

20. Emergency Management
Comprehensive strategy of building, utilizing and restoring capacities employed in addressing the actual threat to public health and safety
A discipline dealing with the assessment, reduction and avoidance of excessive risk;
It is sometimes referred to as disaster management

21. Emergency Management
Organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in particularly preparedness, response and rehabilitation

22. Emergency Management
It involves plans, structures and arrangements established to engage the normal endeavors of government, voluntary and private agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to the whole spectrum of emergency needs.

23. Exercise 1 Describe your roles as Health Emergency Manager? Roles
Difficulties met in past response activities

24. Emergency Management Framework
Disaster Impact
Response
Preparedness
Recovery
Emergency management varies according to the three phases of emergency: preparedness, response and recovery phases.
Emergency Preparedness includes prevention of the occurrence of hazard or reducing the exposure of the community to hazard; Mitigation is building capacity to lessen the impacts of hazard to the community if it is non-preventabe
Emergency Response includes the systems for managing the risks through utilization of the built capacity of the community
Recovery phase includes measures of rebuilding and revitalizing the damaged resources and replenishing the utilized and lost resources during emergency or disaster
Mitigation
Prevention

25. Successful Emergency Management System
Focus decisions and resources on priority objectives
Support sustained, high levels of collaboration and communication
Provide systemic accountability mechanisms
Designed to address a number of principles

26. Emergency management systems Principles
Based on an all-hazard approach
Modular, scalable or adaptable organization
Support for joint engagement of multiple organizations in management decisions
Clear lines of accountability
Clearly defined roles and responsibilities
Clear procedures for activation, escalation, and demobilization of emergency capacities
All hazard approach –
Modular, scalable -

27. Emergency management systems Principles
Common functional groupings and consistent terminology
Integrated with stakeholder agencies
Mechanisms involving all stakeholders and users of EOC in its design, operational planning and evaluation
Provision of capacity to manage public communications opportunities as part of the response to emergencies

28. Risk Management
is a comprehensive strategy for reducing threats and consequences to public health and safety of communities by:
preventing exposure to hazards
(target = hazards)
reducing vulnerabilities
(target group = community)
developing response and recovery capacities
(target group = response agencies)

29. Risk Management
In Risk Management, the primary concern is to manage the risks.
The manager has to identify the possible risks that can result if a hazard interacts with a community, and efforts must be directed towards building community capacities to manage these risks.

30. Risk Management Framework
Vulnerable
Community
Risks
Hazard
Capacity
Emergency
Disaster

31. Relationship of Risk Management Terms
RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY
CAPACITY

32. International, national, and
Non-Disaster
Emergency
Local capacities can cope
Hazard
Technological
Biological
Natural
Societal
Surge in demand
Local services intact
Services may or may not be
sufficient
Threat to
Public
Safety +
Disaster Emergency
International, national, and
local response needed
Community
The outputs (risks) are the basis for capacity building primarily intended to manage the identified risks.
The amount or quantity of capacity built to manage the risk determines the occurrence of emergency or disaster.
All disasters are emergencies but not all emergencies are disasters.” This is the reason why “emergencies” is more commonly used terminology because it is more generic and more encompassing.
People
Property
Services
Livelihood
Environment
Surge in Demand
Local services cannot function
normally
Resources damaged, destroyed,
inadequate or insufficient

33. Risks and vulnerabilities are specific to the five elements of the community
Hazard: Earthquake
Elements of the community
Risks
Vulnerabilities
1. People
Deaths
Untrained staff on BLS/ACLS
2. Properties
Collapsed structure
Hospital located on a fault line
3 Environment
Water pollution
Poor waste management
4. Services
Disrupted OR services
No back up electrical power
5. Livelihood
Loss of income
No alternative job
This table explains the relationship of the hazard with the community, risks, and vulnerability. The risks answer the question, “What happens if the hazard affects the community?” while the vulnerabilities answer the question, “why did the risks happen?”

34. Risk Management (ERO) Capacity Emergency Disaster Risks Vulnerable
Hospital
Environment
Risks
Environment
Hazard
Poor Access to safe water
Poor Access to sanitation
Diarrhea
outbreak
Death
Natural
Technological
Biological
Societal
In Risk Management, Risk analysis /assessment is the focus. Analyzing the risk is analyzing its determinants which are the hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities.
(ERO) Capacity
Emergency
Disaster

35. Risks Assessment Process
Prepares hazard profiles
Maps the distribution of those hazards
Identifies the elements of the community exposed to those hazards
Predicts the consequences of a hazard interacting with that community at a certain time (e.g. in a certain season)

36. Assesses risk reduction capacities within communities
Risks Assessment Process
Analyses each of the 5 elements of community in terms of that hazard to identify the factors which will lead to each consequence i.e. determines the vulnerabilities of each element
Assesses risk reduction capacities within communities

37. Risks Management Process
Risk assessment and analysis
Risk communication
Risk reduction
Risk monitoring
Hospital Emergency Awareness
and Response Training ‘09
“Risk Management”

38. Risks Reduction “Risk Management”
The purpose of a risks analysis is to guide communities in planning for community risks reduction activities (protecting health and safety) by developing and maintaining 3 sets of plans:
Hazard Reduction Plans (reduce exposure)
Vulnerability Reduction Plans (reduce consequences)
Emergency Preparedness Plans (increase capacity for response and recovery)
“Risk Management”

39. Emergency Response Operation
Measures undertaken in responding to emergencies
Includes operationalization of appropriate systems and procedures emergencies
Emergency Response Operation involves
responsibilities
management structures
resource and information management
SOPs
ERO focus on protecting life, property, essential services delivery and the environment
PPRO

40. Exercise
In the first week of operations for emergency response, what are the priority activities you have to organize as a health emergency manager?
Activities/Areas of Work
Requirements to undertake activity

41. Synthesis of the Session:
Demonstration and Return Demonstration of the seven terms of Risk Management.

42. “All disasters are emergencies but not all emergencies are disasters”

43. Session 1: Emergency Management Framework
Session Objective:
At the end of the session, participants shall be able to describe Emergency Management Framework and Health Emergency Response Operation

44. THANK YOU!