1. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Section 1
Levels of Structural Organization

2. Essential Question: What are the functions of the organ systems of the human body?

3. DEFINITIONS
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
THE SCIENCE OF BODY STRUCTURES & THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM
THE SCIENCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS

4. HISTOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE of TISSUES
STUDY OF EMBRYOS: FROM THE FERTILIZED EGG  8TH WEEK of DEVELOPMENT

5. LEVELS of STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

6. LEVELS of STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
CHEMICAL
CELLULAR
TISSUES
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
LEVELS of STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

7. Organ Systems of the Human Body: 1. Integumentary System
components
functions
Protection Regulates temperature Eliminates waste Vit. D synthesis Contains sensory receptors
Skin Nails Hair Sweat Glands Oil Glands

8. Integumentary System

9. 2. Skeletal System components functions Bones Joints Cartilage
Supports & protects body
Surface for muscles to attach
Movement
Vit. D synthesis
Stores minerals & lipids
Houses cells that produce blood cells
Bones
Joints
Cartilage

10. Skeletal System

11. 3. Muscular System components functions Muscles: Produces Movement
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Produces Movement
Generates Heat

12. Muscular System

13. Generate Action Potentials Regulates body activities
Nervous System
components
function
Generate Action Potentials
Regulates body activities
Maintains homeostasis
Controls muscle & gland contractions
Interprets stimuli
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Special senses
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Smell
Taste

14. Nervous System

15. Glucose, calcium, phosphorous, iodine levels controlled
Endocrine System
components
functions
Glands (& cells) that produce Hormones
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Ovary
Testis
Thymus
Parathyroid
Pineal
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Growth & development
Reproduction
Glucose, calcium, phosphorous, iodine levels controlled

16. Endocrine System

17. Lymphatic (Immune) System
components
functions
Lymphatic Vessels & Fluid
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils
Returns proteins & fluid to blood
Transports lipids
Fights infections
Recognizes “self”

18. Lymphatic (Immune) System

19. Cardiovascular System
components
functions
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels:
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Transports O2 & nutrients to cells
Carries CO2 & wastes away from cells
Transports immune system factors
Regulates: pH
Temperature
Water balance

20. Cardiovascular System

21. Transfers O2 from air to blood & CO2 from blood to exhaled air
Respiratory System
components
functions
Lungs
Nose / Throat
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tubes
Transfers O2 from air to blood & CO2 from blood to exhaled air
Regulates pH
Produces sound

22. Respiratory System

23. Physical & chemical digestion of food
Digestive System
components
functions
Mouth/Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
Salivary Glands
Liver / Gallbladder
Pancreas
Physical & chemical digestion of food
Absorption of Nutrients
Elimination of solid wastes

24. Digestive System

25. Excretory (Urinary) System
components
functions
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Produces, Stores, & Eliminates Urine
Regulates vol. & chemical composition of blood
Helps maintain normal pH
Helps regulate production of RBCs

26. Excretory (Urinary) System

27. Production of Gametes  offspring
Reproductive System
components
functions
Production of Gametes  offspring
Hormone production that regulates reproduction & other body processes
Male
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Penis
Female
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus/ Cervix
Vagina
Vulva

28. Reproductive System

29. NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
INSPECTION
PALPATION
AUSCULTATION
PERCUSSION

30. Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques
AUSCULTATION
PERCUSSION
LISTENING TO BODY SOUNDS TO EVALUATE FUNCTIONING OF CERTAIN ORGANS
TAPPING BODY SURFACES WITH FINGER TIPS & LISTENING TO RESULTING ECHO

31. WORK WITH A PARTNER AND DECIDE WHAT ARE THE BASIC LIFE PROCESSES OF LIVING HUMAN BEINGS. YOU HAVE 3 MINUTES

32. METABOLISM RESPONSIVENESS MOVEMENT GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION REPRODUCTION
THERE ARE 6
BASIC LIFE
PROCESSES
THAT ARE
CHARACTERISTIC
OF LIVING
HUMANS

33. the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body Catabolism
METABOLISM
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Catabolism
Breaking down complex substances  simpler parts
Anabolism
Building up of complex substances from simpler ones

34. RESPONSIVENESS
THE BODY’S ABILITY TO DETECT & RESPOND TO CHANGE
DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE BODY RESPOND IN CHARACTERISTIC WAYS:
Neurons send action potentials
Muscle fibers contract or relax

35. MOVEMENT INCLUDES MOTION OF: WHOLE BODY INDIVIDUAL ORGANS CELLS
ORGANELLES

36. GROWTH an increase in body size due either to: Increase in # of cells
Increase in size of cells
Both

37. DIFFERENTIATION
IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CELL FROM UNSPECIALIZED  SPECIALIZED

38. REPRODUCTION REFERS TO EITHER 2. PRODUCTION of a NEW INDIVIDUAL
NEW CELLS MADE FOR TISSUE GROWTH, REPAIR, OR REPLACEMENT
2. PRODUCTION of a NEW INDIVIDUAL

40. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Section 2
HOMEOSTASIS

41. Essential Question
How do negative & positive feedback systems help the body maintain homeostasis?

42. HOMEOSTASIS CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (BALANCE) IN THE BODY’S
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO
CEASELESS INTERPLAY OF THE
BODY’S MANY REGULATORY
PROCESSES

44. BODY FLUIDS
Body Fluids
Divided into 2 compartments:
ICF
Intracellular fluid
(inside cell)
ECF
Extracellular Fluid
(outside cell)
An important part of maintaining homeostasis is keeping the volume & composition of body fluids within normal limits (wnl)

45. ICF In the cytoplasm Contains dissolved chemicals Enzymes
Ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, H+)
Glucose, Pyruvate

46. ECF Found as Interstitial fluid (around cells) Plasma smaller amounts:
Lymph
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Synovial Fluid
Aqueous Humor
Vitreous Body

47. Control of Homeostasis
There are constant disruptions to homeostasis from external sources & from internal sources.
External Internal
Temperature Blood Glucose
O2 after race Strong Emotions

48. Most commonly the nervous system and/or the endocrine system are in charge of maintaining homeostasis in the body
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Quick responder
Usually involves sending action potentials to organs to counteract the deviation from balanced conditions
Slower responder
Usually involves secreting hormones (messenger molecules) into blood which delivers them to responding organ

49. Feedback Loops
Is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re- monitored, reevaluated, and so on.

50. Feedback Systems Receptor Control Center Effector
a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition & send input to a control center
Control Center
Typically is the brain which sets range of values w/in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, & generates output commands when necessary
Effector
body structure that receives input from control center & produces response that acts on controlled condition

51. Feedback responses are either negative or positive
Would you consider this feedback loop to be (+) or (-)?

52. Negative Feedback Loop
Reverses the change in a controlled
condition

53. Positive Feedback Loop
Reinforces the change in the controlled condition

54. Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions
A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function
A disease is a specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Diagnosis is the science & skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

55. Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions-2
A symptom is a subjective change in body function that is not apparent to an observer
A sign is an objective change that can be measured by an observer
Epidemiology: the science that deals with why, when, & where diseases occur

56. Work with a partner and decide which of the following are signs and which are symptoms
Fever
Rash
Nausea
Hunger
Low blood sugar
Anxiety
Pain
Itch

57. Signs & Symptoms
SIGNS
SYMPTOMS
FEVER
RASH
LOW BLOOD SUGAR
ITCH
NAUSEA
ANXIETY
HUNGER
PAIN

58. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Section 3
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

59. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are the correct anatomical descriptive terms for: cavities of the body, & the planes, sections, and directional terms of the body?

60. Anatomical Position Subject is: Standing erect, facing observer
Head is level, eyes open & looking forward, jaw relaxed
Feet flat on floor & toes forward
Arms at side with palms forward

61. Anatomical Position

62. What is wrong with these examples of “anatomical position”?

63. SUPINE
BODY IS LYING FACE UP

64. PRONE
BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN

65. REGIONAL NAMES

66. Regional Names Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs
Face: front of head
Skull: encloses & protects brain
Neck
supports & attaches head to trunk
Trunk
chest, abdomen, pelvis
Upper limbs
shoulder, axilla, arm, lower arm, wrist, & hand
Lower limbs
buttock, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, & foot
SEE HANDOUTS FOR COMPLETE LISTING

67. Directional Terms (many have opposite meanings)
anterior
nearer to front
superior
toward head or upper part of a structure
medial
closer to midline
posterior
nearer to back
inferior
away from head or lower part of a structure
lateral
farther from midline

68. Directional Terms-2 proximal distal
nearer to attachment of limb to trunk
ipsilateral
On same side of body as another structure
superficial
toward or at surface
distal
farther from attachment of limb to trunk
2. contralateral
on opposite side of body as another structure
3. deep
away from surface

69. BODY PLANES sagittal frontal/ coronal transverse/axial/ horizontal
are imaginary cuts through the body or organs
Need to know:
sagittal
midsagittal
parasagittal
frontal/ coronal
transverse/axial/ horizontal
oblique

70. Body or Tissue Sections
One flat surface of a 3-D structure or a cut along a plane

71. Body Cavities
are spaces w/in the body that helps protect, separate, & support internal organs
bones, muscles, ligaments, and membranes help separate body cavities

72. The Cranial Cavity
formed by skull
protects brain

73. The Vertebral Cavity
formed by vertebrae
protects spinal cord & beginning of spinal nerves

74. The Thoracic Cavity
formed by
ribs
chest muscles
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
within it are 3 smaller cavities:
pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
mediastinum

75. The Thoracic Cavity

76. The Pleural Cavities
there are 2, right, left
each surrounds a lung
serous membrane of the pleural cavity is called the pleura

77. Parietal layer: lines the walls Visceral layer: covers the organs
Serous Membranes
Covers the organs (viscera) of the thoracic & abdominal cavities & lines the walls of thorax & abdomen
Parietal layer: lines the walls
Visceral layer: covers the organs
Serous Fluid: thin, watery, fluid separates the two reducing friction

78. The Pericardial Cavity
surrounds heart
serous of pericardial cavity is the pericardium

79. Medistinum
in central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs
extends from sternum to vertebrae & from neck to diaphragm
contains:
heart
thymus
esophagus
trachea
large blood vessels

80. Mediastinum

81. The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Contains:
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gallbladder
Small Intestine
most of Large Intestine
serous membrane called peritoneum

82. Pelvic Cavity Contains: Urinary Bladder part of Large Intestine
internal organs of reproduction

83. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
To insure communication clinicians divide abdomen into 4 quadrants by drawing imaginary lines through umbilicus
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

85. Regions & Quadrants of Abdomen

86. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1 Section 4
MEDICAL IMAGING

87. Essential Question: How would you describe the importance of medical imaging procedures in the evaluation of organ functions and the diagnosis of disease?

88. 1. X-RAYS MEDICAL IMAGING AVAILABLE SINCE THE 1940’S
shoot single barrage of X-Rays through body producing image of interior structures on X-Ray sensitive film

90. provide significant information less detail than other options
X-Rays
Advantages
Disadvantages
inexpensive
quick
simple to perform
provide significant information
less detail than other options
chronic exposure causes cancer

91. 2. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
is computer-assisted radiography in which x-ray beam traces an arc at many angles around a section of the body
result is a transverse section of body

92. More highly skilled technicians required
CT Scan
Advantages
Disadvantages
Visualizes soft tissues & organs with more detail
Can build 3-D views of structures
Effective as a screening tool
Expensive
Equipment large
More highly skilled technicians required

93. CT Scan Machine

94. 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
Body is exposed to high-energy magnetic field which causes all the protons (H+) in body fluids & tissues to align with poles of magnetic field
Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns & creates a color- coded image

95. MRI Image & Machine

96. Shows finer detail for soft tissues
MRI
Advantages
Disadvantages
Shows finer detail for soft tissues
Safer (no x- rays)
Can measure blood flow (heart vessels, brain)
Expensive
Large machine
Cannot use for patients with metal in their body
Highly skilled technicians

97. 4. Ultrasound or Sonogram
High-frequency sound waves reflect off body tissues
Image may be still or moving

98. Ultrasound Disadvantages Advantages Small portable machines
Safe, even in pregnancy
Can observe organs in action
Best for organs that have a pocket of fluid to create “echo”
Cannot go through bone

99. 5. Positron Emission Tomography PET Scan
Positrons = + charged particle
Patient is injected with substance that contains positrons
Positrons collide with (-) charged electrons in body tissues which produces gamma rays
Gamma rays are photographed by gamma cameras creating image

100. PET Scan

101. PET Scan
Advantages
Disadvantages
can study the physiology of an organ
large machine
expensive
highly skilled technicians

102. SINGLE-PHOTON-EMISSION COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY SPECT
radioactive substance is injected into a vein & carried to the tissue to be studied
computer constructs an image
greater the intensity of color on image the more active the tissue is

103. studies activity of organ or tissue
SPECT
Advantages
Disadvantages
studies activity of organ or tissue
useful for heart, kidney, thyroid, lungs, liver
very expensive
large machine
highly skilled technicians

104. ENDOSCOPY
visual examination of inside of body cavity or organs using a lighted instrument with lenses
image is viewed through an eyepiece or on monitor

105. Endoscopy
Advantages
Disadvantages
direct visualization so can biopsy, remove, or monitor pathology in tissue
invasive procedure so add risk of injury, infection, unintended damage to organ or tissue

106. abdominopelvic cavity
Types of Endoscopy
Examples
Target
Colonoscopy
Arthroscopy
Laparoscopy
colon
synovial joint
abdominopelvic cavity