1. Historic and Current Trends in Global Migration Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz, PhD, VMD, MPVM US-Mexico Unit CDC Division of Global Migration and Quarantine 7 th Summer Institute on Migration and Global Health June 25-29, 2012

2. Outline Human mobility Who is migrant? Main categories of migrants Global and U.S migration trends Conclusions and Recommendations

3. Human mobility … … as old as human history Humans wandering in search of resources (land, food, water, precious minerals), conquest, or to escape from conflict or natural disasters

4. Migration of anatomically modern humans National Geographic Society

5. Global mobility http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4g930pm8Ms

6. Global mobility & disease

7. Mobile populations Individuals who move in geographic space –Different reasons –Different distances –Different administrative boundaries –Different periods of time Place A Place B

8. Border crossers Commuters Tourists Refugees Migrant workers Move to another state

9. Who is a migrant? How is a migrant different from other mobile populations? Migrant worker on California highway (1935) Picture from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.

10. Who is a migrant? No universally accepted definition Countries and agencies use their own criteria, based and their own legislation and policies Definitions are not consistently used “Popular” terms

11. Who is a migrant? Migrant Immigrant Foreigner Migrant worker Alien Foreign born Minorities Latino Illegal Ethnic groups Hispanic Mobile populations Farmworker Traveler Tourist

12. Migrant UN Recommendations (1998 and 2007) A person changing his/her place of usual residence Sources: - UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998) - UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007) Residence in Place A

13. Migrant UN Recommendations (1998 and 2007) A person changing his/her place of usual residence Sources: - UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998) - UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007) Residence in Place A Moves to residence in Place B

14. Change in residence … Temporary or permanent Authorized or unauthorized For different reasons

15. Determinants of migration Economic/ better future Family reunification Forced by Philip Craft, Staff

16. International visitors  Person who travels to another country but doesn't change country of usual residence  e.g., tourists, business travelers, religious pilgrims, for medical care Usually admitted for limited time (e.g., weeks) Not considered migrants

17. International Migrant UN Recommendations (1998 and 2007) A person changing his/her country of usual residence Sources: - UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998) - UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007) Residence in country of origin Moves to residence in destination country

18. Internal Migrant UN Recommendations (1998) A person changing his/her usual residence but within the same country –Usually refers to Rural to urban migration Internally displaced persons China

19. Source: CONAPO and Universidad Panamericana Internal migrants: 12 million Mexico’s Internal Migration

20. United States’ internal migration “ Geographical Mobility/Migration ” “Each year many Americans leave their place of birth to reside in a different part of the country” “Population mobility has crucial impact on individuals, as well as local demographics and economies” http://www.census.gov/hhes/migration /

21. Immigrant vs. Emigrant “Migrant”: –It disregards the direction of movement From the perspective of the… –Region/country of arrival the person is an “ immigrant ” –Region/country of departure the person is an “ emigrant ” UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)

22. Some statistics … (2010) Source: WHO (2010)

23. Organizations using a “change in residence” to define migrants  United Nations  U. S Customs and Immigration Services  U.S Census Bureau  European Union  Consejo Nacional de Población (Mexico)  International Organization for Migration  World Bank

24. But using different criteria … Country of birth ~ Foreign born Country of citizenship ~ Foreign citizen Minimum duration of residence (e.g., 12 m) Type of residence visas for foreigners –Immigrants ~ Permanent residence –Non-immigrant ~ temporary workers & visitors Ethnicity or religion (e.g., Ethnic-Russians) Others or a combination

25. Why do we care about definitions? 1.Achieve comparability of migration statistics among countries and agencies 2.To better understand and target migrant communities’ health needs Great diversity among migrants

26. Country of birth Culture/Language Reasons for migration Migration pattern SES Education Occupation Legal status Health Source: California Immigrant Integration Initiative of Grantmakers Concerned with Immigrants and Refugees

27. Main categories of international migrants  Migrant workers  Refugees*  Asylum-seekers*  Victims of trafficking*  Unauthorized migrants*  International students* * Standard international definitions

28. Refugees A person with a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social group or political opinion, … is outside his/her country of nationality and … is unable or unwilling to return to that country 15.2 million (2009) (Source: UN Convention Related to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol)

29. Human Trafficking Recruitment, transportation, or harboring of persons, by use of force, coercion, or fraud for the purpose of exploitation –Forced labor –Sexual exploitation Can be international or domestic (i.e., internal) (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention Against Organized Crime, 2000).

30. Unauthorized migrants “A person who, owing to illegal entry or the expiry of his/her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country” –A.K.A: undocumented, irregular, clandestine or illegal migrant Source: IOM Glossary of Migration, 2004

31. Some areas of confusion … Migration pattern vs. migrant Farmworker vs. migrant Race/ethnicity vs. migrant

32. Migration patterns vs. migrant

34. (“Migrant”) Farmworker  Several definitions in the U.S  Farmworker is an occupational group  Annual average number: 1million (2006)  Foreign born: 78%  Migration patterns –Settled 53% –Shuttler migrants* 21% –Follow-the-crop migrants* 13% –Newcomers 13% *International or within the U.S Source: NAWS

35. Race/ethnicity Self-identification The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins Example: Hispanic or Latino (2010 Census) –a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. Office of Management and Budget (1997)

36. Of 51 million Hispanics (2010) … Farm workers

37. Limited English Proficiency U.S vs. Foreign born Hispanics Source: ACS 2010

38. Source: Dey AN, Lucas JW. Physical and mental health characteristics of U.S.-and foreign-born adults: UnitedStates,1998–2003Advance data Statistics. 2006. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health from vital and health statistics; no 369.

39. GLOBAL MIGRATION TRENDS

40. Major Migration Flows (1960-1970)

41. Major Migration Flows (2000’s)

42. Migration flows

43. Of the 6.9 billion people in the world in 2010 … …214 million or 3.1 % were international migrants United Nations Population Division/DESA

44. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). International Migration, 2009 Wallchart (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIII.8). Note: Among countries with at least 1 million inhabitants U.S.A: 13.5% UK & France: 11% Mexico: 0.8%

45. “Rough” estimates of unauthorized migrants Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006, 2007 Passel and Cohn, 2010 Thousands% of pop.Year* United States 11,100 4.02009 EU2,500-6,000 1-42005 Canada 500 1.52005 Japan 210 0.22005 * Years since regularization. Subsequent regularizations not accounted for in these estimates

46. Share of international migrants in more vs. less developed regions, 2010

47. Direction of international migration flows, 2010

48. Share of females in the international migration stock

49. Age pyramid: Migrants vs. total population

50. Demographic and social effects of migration in host country/region Increase population size Changes in gender and age distribution Increased population fertility Changes in race/ethnic distribution High proportion of workforce

51. Foreign-born as a percentage of practicing doctors and nurses, 2000 Source: International Migration Outlook (OECD, 2007)

52. Migration and the global economic crisis Considerable regional and local variation Slower immigration to some countries Migrant stocks largely unchanged Migrants harder impacted Remittances rebounded quickly IOM World Migration Outlook 2011

53. Remittances and other resource flows to developing countries Source: The World Bank, Remittances flows in 2011 – an update Migration & Development Brief 18 (4/2012) Official Development assistance Foreign direct investment

54. Immigration to the U.S.A

55. Flows of Immigration to U.S (1820-2009) Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009; Adapted from Martin P and Midgley E, 2008 Northern & Western Europe Southern & Eastern EuropeWestern Europe Asia & Latin America Northern & Western Europe Southern & Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia & Latin America Frontier expansion Industrialization Immigration pause Post-1965 immigration

56. U.S migrant stock, inflows and outflows

57. *China excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan Source: ACS, 2010 Top 20 countries of origin of foreign born (2010)

58. Geographic distribution of the foreign-born in the U.S (2008)

59. Source: ACS, 2006-2008 3-year estimates

60. Sources: Passel JS, Cohn DV. A portrait of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, April 2009

61. Conclusions and Recommendations

62. Migration is a global phenomena, driven by economics, migration networks, natural disasters and human conflicts Volume and complexity of migration likely to continue increasing Important to properly define and characterize the numbers and needs of these diverse populations

63. Conclusions and Recommendations The determinants and effects of migration are complex Requires a comprehensive approach Maximize the positive and minimize the negative effects Need for high quality migration reserach

64. Importance of migration research Critical need for unbiased information –Implement evidence-based policies and programs –Educate the media and public

65. Importance of migrant health Health as a basic human right Addressing health inequities Protect and promote global, national and local health

66. Migrant Health: beyond migrants themselves Health issues, conditions and risks related to migrant populations, AND the way in which migration affects: –Countries of origin, transit and destination, and –Second and later migrant generations (Adapted from Roux, 2004; and WHO 2010)

67. Migrant health: a bridge between global & local health Global health Local health Migranthealth

68. Thank you! Gracias! Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz jqi3@cdc.gov

69. References IOM. World Migration Report 2011 Communicating Effectively about migration (2011) IOM. Managing Migration (2004) Philip Martin and Gottfried Zürcher, “Managing Migration: The Global Challenge” Population Bulletin 63, no.1 (2008) International Organization for Migration (2004). Glossary on Migration Sources: UN Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of Censuses and Surveys to Measure International Migration, 2007 ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 WHO/IOM/Government of Spain Global Consultation on Migrant Health (2010). Migration and Health: the way forward