1. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Robert S. Feldman & Andrea Dinardo Prepared by: Professor Anastasia Bake St. Clair College of Applied Arts and Sciences

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3. Key Concepts for Chapter 1 Module 1: Psychology At Work Module 2: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future Module 3: Research in Psychology Module 4: Research Challenges: Exploring the Process Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. Learning Objectives What is the science of psychology? What are the major specialties in the field of psychology? Where do psychologist work ? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Module 1: Psychology At Work

5. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. The Six Subfields of Psychology: Psychology's Family Tree 1. What are the Biological Foundations of Behaviour? It is the subfield of psychology that examine how the brain and the nervous system and other biological processes determine behaviour. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. The Subfields of Psychology: 2. How Do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think about the World? Experimental Psychology Methodological study of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking Cognitive Psychology Emphasis on higher mental processes

8. 3. What are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behaviour Across the Life Span? Developmental Psychology Changes in behaviour over the life span (womb to tomb) Personality Psychology Examines consistencies in people’s behaviour over time and traits that differentiate us from one another Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Subfields of Psychology:

9. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Subfields of Psychology 4. How do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health? Health Psychology Explores relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology Investigates diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders Counselling Psychology Counselling Psychology Focuses on educational, social and, career adjustment problems

10. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Subfields of Psychology 5. Understanding our Social Networks Social Psychology Studies how people are affected by others Cross-cultural Psychology Focuses on the similarities and differences in psychological functioning across cultures and ethnic groups

11. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Subfields of Psychology 6. Expanding Psychologies Frontiers Evolutionary Psychology Examines influence of our genetic heritage and our behaviour Behavioural Genetics Focuses on how we might inherit genes and how the environment influences whether we will display traits. Clinical Neuropsychology Focuses on relationships between biological factors and psychological disorders

12. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Portrait of a Canadian Psychologist The Canadian Psychological Association (2007) Annual report lists 5,921 members with Masters or a Doctorate degree Half are men and half are women Currently 70% of new PhD degrees are earned by women Where do they work in the world? Most psychologists today are working in North America About 1/3 of the world's 5 000 000 psychologists are found elsewhere

13. Countries in the world where psychologists work. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. Where Psychologists Work?

15. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Educating Psychologists What Are The Educational Requirements? Doctoral Degrees ( (Ph.D. & Psy.D.) Master’s Degree Bachelor’s Degree 4 – 5 years past a bachelor’s degree 2 - 3 years past a Bachelor’s degree 4-year degree

16. Recap/Evaluate/Rethink: Module 1 1. What is the science of psychology? 2. Name and describe one major specialty in the field of psychology? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. Module 2: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future Learning Objectives What are the origins of psychology? What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology? What are psychology’s key issues and controversies? What is the future of psychology likely to hold? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18. Psychology’s Roots Wilhelm Wundt Established the first experimental laboratory devoted to psychology. Structuralism  Focused on the basic building blocks of perception, consciousness, thinking, and emotions  -Introspection Early History  Trephining : chipping a hole in a patient's skull. Evil sprits could then escape!

19. Psychology’s Roots Functionalism  Moved from structure to the role behaviour plays in allowing people to adapt to their environments Gestalt Psychology “the whole is different from the sum of its parts” Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. This timeline illustrates the major milestones in the development of psychology Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mary Calkins

21. Women in Psychology Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) Was the first women to receive a doctorate in psychology Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886 – 1939) Child development and women’s issues Mary J. Wright Became the first female president of the Canadian Psychological Association in 1969 In 2001 she was awarded the Gold Medal Award of Distinguish Lifetime contribution to Canadian Psychology. Mary Calkins (1883 – 1930) See timeline First female in the APA. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

22. Women in Psychology June Etta Downey (1875 – 1932) Personality trait theorist Anna Freud (1895 – 1982) Notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behaviour Mamie Phipps Clark (1917 – 1983) Demonstrated how children of colour recognize racial differences Brenda Miller Recognized as one of Canada’s great Canadian psychologists Received recognition for her work in 1955 with a brain surgery patient without short-term memory.

23. Overview of Today’s Perspectives Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. Today’s Five Perspectives 1. The Neuroscience Perspective: Blood, Sweat, and Fears. This approach views behaviour from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions Canadian Donald Hebb known as the Father of neuropsychology. “Hebb Rule” stated: “cells that fire together, wire together.” Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25. Today’s Perspectives 2. Psychodynamic Perspective: Understanding the Inner Person Behavioural influences are based on on inner, unconscious forces, over which a person has little control Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26. Today’s Perspectives 3. Behavioural Perspective: Grew out of the rejection of the inner workings of the mind. Focus on observable events and behaviour that can be measured objectively. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

27. Today’s Perspectives 4. Cognitive Perspective The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

28. Today’s Perspectives 5. Humanistic Perspective: This approach suggests that all individuals strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behaviour Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Abraham H. Maslow

29. Psychology’s Key Issues Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. Psychology’s Key Issues 1. Nature versus Nurture Environment or Heredity? 2. Observable behaviour versus internal mental processes Should psychology only focus on what it can see? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31. Psychology’s Key Issues 3. Conscious versus unconscious How much of our behaviour is produced by forces of which we are fully aware? 4. Free will versus determinism  How much of behaviour is a result of choices made freely or is behaviour determined primarily by factors outside a person’s willful control? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. Psychology’s Key Issues 5. Individual differences versus universal principles  How much of our behaviour is a consequence of our unique and special qualities and how much reflects culture and society?

33. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Psychology’s Future Increased specialization and focus on prevention of disorders Treatment will become more available Greater influence will be spent on issues of public interest Increase in diversity Technology will advance our ability to examine the nervous system

34. Recap/Evaluate/Rethink: Module 2 1. What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35. Module 3: Research in Psychology Learning Objectives What is the scientific method? How do psychologist use theory and research to answer questions of interest? What research methods do psychologist use? How do psychologist establish cause-and- effect relationships in research studies? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

36. The Scientific Method The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behaviour and other phenomena of interest

37. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

38. Scientific Method: Developing Explanations  Research Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest  Theories Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest  Hypothesis A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested  Operationalization The process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed

39. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Scientific Method

40. Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Descriptive Research An approach used to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behaviour There are several types used in Psychological Research:  Archival research Use of existing data in order to test a hypothesis Case study An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people

41. Descriptive Research Survey research A sample of people are asked a series of questions about their behaviour, thoughts, and attitudes in order to represent a larger population Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42. Descriptive Research Naturalistic observation Observation of naturally occurring behaviour without intervention Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

43. Correlation Research Correlational Research The relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated” Correlation does not mean “causation” Ranges from +1 to -1

44. Correlation Research Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

46. Experimental Research The relationship between two (or more) variables is investigated by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

47. Experimental Research What is necessary to do Experimental Research? Experimental Research requires the responses of at least two groups to be compared. These two groups are called: Experimental Group Control Group Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

48. Experimental Research Experimental Group: A group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment Control Group A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment  In some experiments there can be more than one experimental group and/or more than one control group Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

49. Experimental Research Variable Behaviour, event, or other characteristic that can change or vary in some way Independent variable The variable that is manipulated by the experiment Dependent variable The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

50. Experimental Research: Final Step Random assignment to condition Participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

51. The following slide presents the process of Random Assignment The research task is to create both a control group and a experiment group which is chosen from a population of Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

52. Original Group Main Population Being Studied Control Group Experimental Group They will receive the treatment Random assignment completed! Let the experiment begin!

53. Experimental Research: Final Step Replication Repetition of findings using other procedures in other setting Significant outcome Use of statistical procedures in order to determine whether or not differences between groups are large enough to be significant Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

54. Experimental Research: In Action! Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

55. Research Strategy Recap Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

56. Recap/Evaluate/Rethink: Module 3 1. What research methods do psychologists use? 2. An explanation for a phenomenon of interest is known as a _____ Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

57. Module 4: Research Challenges: Exploring the Process Learning Objectives What major issues confront psychologists conducting research? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

58. Research Challenges Ethics Protection of participants from physical and mental harm The right of participants to privacy regarding their behaviour The assurance that participation in research is completely voluntary The necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures prior to participation in the experiment

59. Research Challenges Participants Do subjects represent the scope of human behaviour? Animals Should animals be used in research? Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

60. Threats to Experiments Experimental bias Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment Experimenter expectations Participant expectations Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

61. Threats to Experiments Placebo A false treatment, such as a pill, “drug,” or other substance without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

62. Becoming An Informed Consumer of Psychology What was the purpose of the research? How well was the study conducted? Are the results presented fairly?

63. Recap/Evaluate/Rethink: Module 4 Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1. Ethical research begins with the concept of informed consent. Before signing up to participate in an experiment, participants should be informed of: A.The procedure of the study, stated generally B. The risks that may be involved C. Their right to withdraw at ay time D. All of the above