1. Chemistry: The Study of Matter
Chapter 1
Chemistry: The Study of Matter

2. What is Chemistry?
The study of matter, its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes
Applied Chemistry is the using of chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing
Pure Chemistry gathers knowledge for knowledge sake

3. Which Comes First? Applied Chemistry Pure Chemistry
usually comes first, applied later
Called technology
Or engineering
Pure chemistry can explain behavior that has been used without knowing why
Steel swords
Can’t be good or bad
Can be good or bad depending on use

4. Applied Chemistry Material Design Scale Plastics Paints Nanotechnology
Macroscopic- Big enough to see
Microscopic- Too small to see unaided
Nanotechnology- manipulating individual atoms and molecules

5. Applied Chemistry Energy
Ability to do work
Different types can be converted to each other
Conservation
More efficient conversion
Insulation
Production –new sources
Storage- batteries, fuel cells

6. Applied Chemistry Agriculture Medicine
Production- fertilizers, soil tests
Protection – pesticide, herbicide
Medicine
Drugs
Materials- hips, artificial skin
Biotechnology- using organisms as a means of production

7. Applied Chemistry Environment- Pollution Astronomy Eliminate sources
Treatment once polluted
Astronomy
Remote analysis of stars from their light
Analysis of extraterrestrial samples

8. Branches of Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry -studies composition of substances.
Organic Chemistry -compounds containing carbon
Inorganic Chemistry -substances without carbon
Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things
Physical Chemistry studies behavior of substances
rates and mechanisms of reactions
energy transfers

9. Chemistry is
The study of matter, its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes
A natural science
A language with its own vocabulary
A way of thinking

10. Science From Curiosity
Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery.
How or Why is this possible?
Curiosity provides questions but is seldom enough to achieve scientific results.
Then how do we achieve these results?

11. Observations Qualitative – describe with words
Hot , red, large
Quantitative – describe with numbers
100° , 10 meters, 3.46 grams
Scientists prefer quantitative
Easy to agree upon
No personal bias

12. Scientific Method A way of solving problems or answering questions
Starts with observation- noting and recording facts
Hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem or answer to the question

13. Scientific Method Experiment- designed to test the hypothesis
Only two possible answers
1) hypothesis is right
2) hypothesis is wrong
Generates data observations from experiments
Modify hypothesis- repeat the cycle

14. Variables
Controlled experiment- Only want one thing to change at a time in a laboratory.
Manipulated variable- What you change or control directly
Also called independent variable
Responding variable – What changes as a result. No direct control
Also called dependent variable

15. Law Modify Observations Theory (Model) Hypothesis Experiment
Prediction
Modify
Experiment
Law
Experiment

16. Observations Hypothesis Experiment Cycle repeats many times.
The hypothesis gets more and more certain.
Becomes a theory
A thoroughly tested model that explains why things behave a certain way.
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment

17. Theory can never be proven.
Useful because they predict behavior
Help us form mental pictures of processes (models)
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment

18. Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times
Scientific Law is developed
Description of how things behave
Law - how
Theory- why
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment

19. Law Modify Observations Theory (Model) Hypothesis Experiment
Prediction
Modify
Experiment
Experiment
Law

20. Law vs. Theory
Theory can’t be proved; always the possibility that a new experiment will disprove a theory
Law described a natural phenomenon, but does not attempt to explain it

21. Communication Use Journals Describe procedures, methods, and findings
Do research
Write article
Describe procedures, methods, and findings
Submit for peer review
Sent back for editing
Publish
Letters to editor respond.

22. Frame of Reference What is it?
Physics Definition- system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another
Dictionary Definition- set of ideas, facts, or circumstances within which something exists.
What does Frame of Reference mean to the world of Chemistry?

23. What is Matter? Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
Mass is the amount of matter in an object
Mass is resistance to change in motion along a smooth and level surface

24. Matter We define matter as anything that has mass and takes up space.
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

25. Types of Matter Substance- a particular kind of matter – pure
Mixture- more than one kind of matter

27. Elements & Compounds Element- simplest form of matter
Elements can’t be separated
Elements are the building block
Smallest part is an atom

28. Compounds Compound- formed by 2 or more elements
Substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical reactions
When broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the compound
Pure substances
Represented by a formula
Smallest part is a molecule

29. Mixtures Mixture- Physical blend of two or more substances
Mixture has variable composition
Two Types of Mixtures
Heterogeneous- not uniform in composition
Homogeneous- completely uniform in compostion

30. Example Heterogeneous Blood Chocolate Chip Cookie Soil Mixed Salad
Homogeneous
Air
Brass
Black Coffee
Motor Oil
Water

31. What is it? Element, Compound or Mixture Silver Orange Juice Ice Tea
Potassium Chloride
Oxygen
Air
Pine Tree

32. Compound or Mixture Compound Mixture One kind of piece- Molecules
More than one kind -
Molecule or atoms
Making is a
chemical change
physical change
Only one kind
Variable composition

33. Which is it?
Compound
Mixture
Element

34. States of Matter Solid- matter that has a definite shape and volume
Liquid- matter that flows and has a fixed volume
Gas- matter that takes up both the shape and volume of a container
Vapor- a substance that is currently a gas but normally is a liquid or solid at room temperature.
Plasma- matter consisting of a gaseous mixture of electrons and positive ions. Not found on Earth

35. Matter Chart Properties: Solid Liquid Gas or Vapor Mass Definite Shape
Rigid
Indefinite
Volume
Temp. Increase
Small Expansion
Moderate Expansion
Large Expansion
Com-
Pressible? No
Yes

36. States of Matter Definite Volume? Definite Shape? Temp. increase
Com-pressible?
Small Expans.
Solid
YES
YES NO
Small Expans.
Liquid NO NO
YES
Large Expans.
Gas NO NO
YES

37. Condense
Freeze
Melt
Evaporate
Solid
Liquid
Gas

39. Solutions Homogeneous Mixture Mixed molecule by molecule
Example: Sugar in Water (same composition as any other portion)
Can occur between any state of matter

40. Common Solutions Gas in Gas- O2 in N (air) Liquid in Gas- Water Vapor
Gas in Liquid- CO2 in Water (soda water)
Liquid in Liquid- Acetic Acid in Water (vinegar)
Solid in Liquid- Kool Aid
Solid in Solid- Copper in Silver (sterling silver)

41. Solutions
Like all mixtures, they keep the properties of the components
Can by separated by physical means
Not easily separated- can be separated

42. Types of Properties Intensive Properties… Extensive Properties…
Are independent of the amount of the substance that is present.
Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties…
Depend upon the amount of the substance present.
Mass, volume, energy, etc.
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

43. Properties Words that describe matter (adjectives)
Physical Properties- a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition
Chemical Properties- a property that can be observed by changing the type of substance

44. Examples of Physical Properties
1) Color
2) Solubility
3) Odor
4) Hardness
5) Density
6) Melting Point
7) Boiling Point
8) Size
9) Shape

45. Examples of Chemical Properties
1) Rust
2) Color Change (new color formed)
3) Odor is produced
4) Reacts With
5) Flammibility

46. Physical Changes
Physical Change- alters a substance without changing its composition
Key Terms:
Boil
Freeze
Dissolve
Melt
Condense
Break
Split
Crack
Crush
Cutting

47. Chemical Reactions
One or more substances changing into a new substance
Starting Substance- Reactant
New Substance- Product
Iron + Sulfur  Iron Sulfide

48. How do you know? 6 Ways to Tell Color Change
Energy absorbed or released (temp change)
Gas or Solid Produced
Odor
Precipitate (ppt)- solid that separates from solution
Not easily reversed

49. Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Mass- in a physical or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved.
All mass can be accounted for.
Mass of the Reactants = Mass of Products

50. Conservation of Energy
Energy can be neither created or destroyed in ordinary changes (not nuclear), it can only change form.
Its not just a good idea, its the law.