2. Toddlers to Preschoolers 1-2= toddlers 3= preschoolers Influences on growth and development Heredity Nutrition Health Life experiences

3. Growth from 1-3 Height & weight Gain less than half of weight as first year Heredity & environment determine rate Proportion & posture Posture improves 2-3 chest becomes larger and = head size 2- straighter, but not erect, protruding abdomen Teeth 1yr. Olds= average is 8 2 nd yr= 8 more Diet is important- water and milk Limit sweets See dentist around 3

4. Motor Dev’t Tracking dev’t See pg. 315 Developmentally appropriate Motor skills Gross motor skills- large muscles Fine motor skills- small muscles Dexterity- 2 yr. olds 3 yr. olds= take things apart and put back together Hand-eye coordination Thumb & forefinger Manipulate objects, learn Sensory integration- processing information from senses Sensory dysfunction

5. Sleeping Sleep patterns Most one-yr olds sleep 6 or more hours/night Daytime naps become shorter Separation anxiety causes problems for falling asleep Feel comfortable when life is predictable Sleep disturbances- some need attention, fear of dark, night terrors, nightmares- stress, changes Nutritional Needs & Eating Self-feeding 1 yr. olds- variety, finger foods, drink from cup 2yr. Olds- learn to use fork, improving motor skills 3 yr. olds- most use spoon & fork, full set of teeth, small pieces

6. Changes in Nutritional needs Grow less rapidly, don’t eat as much varies from day to day Nutritious foods Variety Guidelines for healthy eating Meal appeal Color Texture Shape Temperature Ease of eating Teaching children good nutrition Caregivers are role models Encourage to eat slowly, well Water, little candy, etc.

7. Hygiene Hygiene- personal care and cleanliness Washing and bathing Daily bath Independence Play Caring for teeth 1- 8 teeth Brush daily 2- brush own teeth Help them brush Toilet teaching Readiness- sphincter muscles Toilet teaching- attitude is important Use potty chair Bowel training usually comes before bladder Some learn both at the same time

8. Dressing Encourage self-dressing Inside out or backwards Choose clothes easy to dress with Choosing clothes Comfort Fabric- synthetic fibers, flame resistant Durability Economy Health, Illness and Safety Checkups Immunizations Illnesses Environmental influences on health Safety Choking hazards Choosing safe toys Handling poisons in the home In case of fire and burns Motor vehicle safety Avoiding sunburn Pet protection

9. Ch. 11- Emotional & Social Dev’t Emotional patterns Cycles are pronounced Each is individual 18 mo: self-centered, negativism Causes: Desire for independence Frustration Realize they are separate person Help w/guidance: Give choices Redirect child Encourage talking Temper tantrums

10. 2 yr: Less at odds Understands, speech and motor skills are better Expresses love and affection Seeks approval and praise Fewer emotional outbursts 2 ½ yr: Difficult!!!! Learning a lot so overwhelmed Desires exceed their abilities Immaturity vs. need for independence Sensitive to bossiness Moods change quickly

11. 3yr. More cooperative Willing to take directions Like to talk, talk to toys, themselves, imaginary friends 3 ½ yr. Self-confident Fears Emotional tension can lead to physical show Control environment to feel safe Specific emotions Anger Short-lived, caused from frustrations Deal with it: use words, speak calmly, take deep breaths

12. Fear Phobias Separation anxiety Help: support & understanding, encourage them to talk about it, avoid it, books, secure, control Jealousy Sibling rivalry Help: love and appreciation, one-on-one time, don’t compare children, take turns, no tattling, talk to them Love and affection Must learn to love- affects feelings later Strong but not smothering

13. Empathy Children learn things hurt others by 18 mo Caregivers show it… Individual differences Every child develops in a unique way Child’s temperament affects emotional dev’t Understand what works for a child Developing a positive self-concept Self-concept Positive or negative Self-concept vs. self-esteem Form in response to actions, attitudes and comments of others Mastery of skills

14. Evaluating Emotional Adjustment Early pattern formed with adults shapes relationships later in life Healthy: Seek approval and praise Turn to parents for comfort or help Share events to show joy Accept limits and discipline w/out too much resistance Sleep, emotions and behavior Most problems are normal Fears are problems that cause this Routine is good Some can be caused by pajamas not fitting to earaches Importance: for physical and emotional health Sleep deprived, REM sleep, NREM sleep Newborns= short cycles Ensure good sleep: child’s best bedtime, limit toys in bed, bedtime routine, keep bedtime pleasant

15. General social patterns Socialization- learning how to get along w/others 18 mo: parallel play, treat others as objects, understand consequences 2 yr.: social skills, can read moods, fun to play w/others but still have parallel play, learn rights of others- fairness 3yr.: people are important, cooperative play, parents are important 3 ½: complex and includes conversation, use strategies to solve conflicts, can evaluate friendships

16. Making friends Important ability Need to spend time w/others their age All have disagreements/arguments Imaginary friends Some keep them for long time May appear by 2 Helps them experiment with different feelings Usually fade Guidelines for guidance Self-discipline Effective guidance Helps children w/moral dev’t Depends on child’s age and emot/soc dev’t

17. 1 yr-15 mo: distracting or removing 15 mo-2yr: spoken restrictions and removal 2-3 yr.: understand adults, explain reasons 3 yr.: accept loving guidance, like to please Setting limits Helps children learn self-regulation and self-discipline State limits clearly Setting limits guidelines Show an understanding of the child’s desires Set the limit and explain it Acknowledge the child’s feelings Give alternatives

18. Encouraging independence Autonomy Realistic expectations Choose clothes easy to dress themselves Give them their own towel, toothbrush, etc. Help w/house tasks Be patient! Promoting sharing Engage in activities requiring sharing Limit materials available so they take turns Take turns with assignments Make clear behavior you are encouraging

19. Behavior problems Almost always a reason Form of communication Find problem behind aggressive behavior Biting Not uncommon Determine what causes it Hitting want to fulfill their own needs Self-control is hard

20. Ch. 12: Intellectual Dev’t 1-3 Study of the brain Axons and dendrites formed pathways in the brain that control actions & thinking skills Neuroscience- study of the brain Role of Intelligence Intelligence- interpret & understand everyday situations Environment is important

21. Methods of learning Incidental learning- unplanned Trial-and-error- tries several solutions until finding one that works Imitation- watching and copying others Directed learning- formal instruction Concept development Categories of objects and information and words for concepts in stages Mind at work Attention- ability to focus on a task Memory- learning, short-term vs. long-term Perception- information received through the senses Reasoning- ability to solve problems and make decisions Imagination- 2 yrs, connect with what they see and hear Creativity- imagination is used to produce original ideas Curiosity- wonder “why” and “how”, learn through exploring

22. Readiness for learning Can learn only when ready, different rates Reading readiness- learning skills necessary for reading Handle books and turn pages Written words with words aloud Finishing = accomplishments Math readiness- interest in learning basic math concepts Use numbers with daily routine Block and puzzles Explore and play Guiding learning Give time & attention Allow time for thinking Give only help needed

23. Encourage to draw conclusions Show how to solve problems Model problem solving Maintain positive attitude Keep explanations simple Allow them to explore Help understand world and how it works Take frequent breaks Play activities and toys Stimulating play Evaluate toys Safe, durable, care, encourage imagination, colorful, handle, enjoyment

24. Age-appropriate toys 1-2: household items, pull toys, bath, music, sorting 2-3: imitate adults, vacuum, shopping cart, etc 3-4: dolls, play dough, cut, paint Speech development Grow rapidly New words, names By 2, know 200 words Speech difficulties Speech language pathologist Articulation stuttering