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Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems
What role does the economy play in establishing global domination?
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Foundations Unit 8000 BCE – 600 CE
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Neolithic Revolution Traditional Economy Hunting and gathering
Sedentary agriculture developed between 10,000 and 8,000 BCE 1st developed in southwestern Asia Earliest method was slash-and-burn agriculture Subsistence agriculture Herding animals (pastoralism) Slash-and-burn agriculture in northeast India
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Development of Agriculture
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Economic Regions
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Early Village Economy Farming led to the rise of permanent villages
Jericho Village life led to specialized labor Development of early industry Pottery, metallurgy, and textiles
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Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia, Egypt, & Indus River Valley Irrigation led to improved agriculture Development of cities contributed to rise of trade China Regular rains & fertile soil minimized irrigation Olmec Develop in rainforest; water control systems Chavin Develop in mountains; complex irrigation
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Nile-Indus Corridor
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Pre-classical labor systems
Slavery Existed in all early civilizations but was relatively unimportant Most slaves gained through military conquest Egypt Used corvée labor to build pyramids & temples Peasants were bound to the land Men were organized into labor gangs of
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Pre-classical labor systems
Mesopotamia Large number of slaves due to militaristic nature of society Peasants lost their freedom over time Rise of debt slavery China Zhou dynasty peasants paid a percentage of their crops to aristocrats in exchange for protection Manorial system
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Classical Civilizations
Han China Monopolized production of iron, salt, and liquor Rise of the Silk Road Mauryan India Ashoka built irrigation systems and roads to promote trade Mayans Terrace farming improved production of cotton, maize, and cacao
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Classical Civilizations
Ancient Greece Cities, such as Athens, become centers of trade Economy depended heavily on slavery Rome Latifundia – large landed estates focused on commercial agriculture (olive oil, wine, wheat) North Africa was the major grain producing region Depended on slave labor Roman roads promoted trade and linked empire to Silk Road
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The Silk Roads Cotton
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Classical era labor systems
China Free peasants were the backbone of the labor force Peasants ranked just below bureaucrats but above artisans and merchants Qin Shi Huangdi ended the manorial system “Recruited” labor to build the Great Wall Silk weaving supplemented farm income “Men as tiller, woman as weaver” During the Han dynasty, slaves made up less than 1% of the total population
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Classical era labor systems
Greece & Rome Slaves never constituted more than 50% of the population Slaves worked as domestic servants, miners, and farmers In Greece, slaves could serve as tutors In Rome, development of commercial agriculture led to the rise of slavery Rome also used slaves as gladiators and chariot racers
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Classical era labor systems
India Caste system was based largely on job classification Farmers did not rank high in prestige Merchants had a higher social standing than they did in China or the Mediterranean Slaves played almost no role in the economy Sudras (lowest caste) and untouchables took the place of slaves
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Post-Classical Unit 600 – 1450
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Arabs Did not rely heavily upon agriculture
Abbasid sakk (checks) encouraged trade Urbanization: Baghdad Dar al-Islam facilitated expansion of trade Islamic law protected merchants Revival of the Silk Road Growth of Indian Ocean trade Dhows increase the volume of maritime trade
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Indian Ocean trade routes
Chinese junk East Africa gold salt slaves Arab dhow
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Labor in the Islamic World
Islamic slaves were viewed as humans rather than just property (chattel) Slavery was seen as a method of conversion Slaves were acquired from Africa or central Asia Abbasid introduced the use of Turkish slave-soldiers Mamluks Janissaries (Ottoman Empire)
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Post-Classical Empires
Byzantine Empire Manufactures glassware, jewelry, & silk Trade a major part of the economy Mediterranean Sea, Silk Roads, Russia, etc. Urbanization: Constantinople Sudanic Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) Trans-Saharan trade Use camel caravans to trade gold, slaves, and ivory for horses, manufactured goods, and salt Urbanization: Timbuktu
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Trans-Saharan trade routes
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Post-Classical Empires
Swahili Coast Trade gold and parts of exotic animals to Islamic and Indian merchants for products from Persia, India, and China Urbanization: Mogadishu, Kilwa, etc. Great Zimbabwe Supplies gold to the Swahili coast
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Tang/Song China Emphasis on internal trade Song “pre-Industrial” era
Champa rice & terrace farming Grand Canal & flying money Song “pre-Industrial” era Commercial economy focused on the production of silk, porcelain, & steel Urbanization: Hangzhou
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Post-Classical Empires
Mongols Pastoralists Promoted trade on Silk Road via Pax Mongolica Marco Polo Japan Villages relied on rice cultivation World’s leader in silver production Trade silver to China for manufactured products Development of feudalism caused peasants to become serfs
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Medieval Europe Manorialism Trade revived after 1000 CE
Self-sufficient agricultural estates worked by serfs Three-field system & moldboard plow Trade revived after 1000 CE Rise of merchant & craft guilds Crusades led to an increase in demand for Asian products Rise of Italian merchants & the Hanseatic league Urbanization: Italian cities & Paris
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Hanseatic League (1400s-1600s)
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Post-Classical Empires
Aztecs Chinampas Pochteca monopolized long-distance trade Tribute system Inca Built 9,500 miles of roads to facilitate trade Inca socialism Use terrace farming to grow potatoes Mita labor
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Early Modern Era
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Rise of World Trade European exploration Trade Empires
Seeking easier access to Asian luxury products Columbus discovery of the Americas Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 Spain established Manila in 1571 Manila galleons connect Asian markets to American silver Trade Empires Spain/Portugal in the 16th century Netherlands (Dutch) in the 17th century England (Great Britain) in the 18th century
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European Colonization
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World Trade after 1571
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Dutch Trade Empire
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Western Europe Commercial Revolution
Rise of a middle class (bourgeoisie) and proletariat Mercantilism Rise of manufacturing Encouraged colonization Joint Stock Companies Privately owned with government support Ex. Dutch East India Co., Royal African Co., Virginia Company
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Economy of New Spain Encomiendas Plantations
Manorial system in the New World Declined with the death of the natives Plantations Majority of labor provided by African slaves
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Economy of New Spain Mining Haciendas Silver “the Heart of the Empire”
Largest mine was Potosi Mita labor Haciendas Estates focused on cash crops & livestock
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Africa & the Slave Trade
Commercial relationship developed between West African kingdoms & Europe Triangle Trade or the Atlantic System Slavery was common in Africa Slave Trade Trade continued with Muslim merchants Increase demand caused by sugar plantations Atlantic slave trade altered traditional African trade routes
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African Slave Trade
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Ming Dynasty Economic Recovery “Silver Sink”
Rebuilt irrigation systems destroyed by the Mongols Increased production of silk textiles & porcelain “Silver Sink” Single-whip tax system Chinese demand for silver contributed to rise of world trade Limited trade to Macao/Canton
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Voyages of Zheng He Established tributary relationships throughout the Indian Ocean Exchanged silk & porcelain for other luxuries
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Tokugawa Japan Portugal established trade relations in 1543
Trade silver to China in exchange for luxury products 2nd in silver exports behind Spain Began isolation in 1640s Allowed Dutch & Chinese to trade at Nagasaki Urbanization led to rise of a merchant class
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Russia Peter the Great modernized the economy focused on mining and metallurgy Serfdom Began under Mongol occupation Provided cheap labor for Russian agriculture Could be bought and sold
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Mughal Empire Continued manufacturing cotton textiles
British establish trading posts at Madras and Bombay in the early 1600s British East India Company continued to expand their interests into the 1700s
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The Modern Era
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Favorable natural resources Population Pressure Abundance of labor Growth of large manufacturing sector Cottage industry (putting-out system) Advantages in world trade Technological innovation Government support of business
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Industrial Technology
Cottage Industry (putting-out system) Mechanization of weaving Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin Iron smelting Bessemer steel process Energy Steam engine and electricity Transportation Canals, steamboat, railroads
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Economic Effects of Industrialization
Labor changes Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome Initially women & children work in factories Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class High unemployment rates Labor unions were formed to protect workers Rise of consumer culture Standard of living increases Frequent economic depressions
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Economic Effects of Industrialization
New economic theories Capitalism Direct attack on mercantilism Positivism Socialism The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Communism
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Global Industrialization
Industrialization turned nations into either manufacturers of consumer goods or suppliers of raw materials Manufacturers: Western Europe, the United States, Japan, Russia(?) Suppliers: the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, India Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Australia
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Spread of Industrialization in Europe
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Russian Industrialization
Caused by Russian defeat in Crimean War Abolish serfdom in 1861 Do NOT make major reforms to help peasants Limited industrialization Trans-Siberian railroad Focus on heavy industry 2nd in petroleum and 4th in steel production by 1900 Do NOT produce consumer goods Lower class women move to cities for factory work
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Japanese Industrialization
Ends isolation in 1853 Abolish samurai class Economic modernization Industrialization Zaibatsu Mitsubishi Women work in silk factories
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Africa: British ended the slave trade in 1807; the United States in 1808 England bans slavery in 1833; U.S. in 1863; Barbary coast continues slavery including 1.5 million white enslaved Natural resources (gold, ivory, palm oil) replace slaves in trade with Europe Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt Forced peasants to grow cotton for export Built irrigation canals and railroads Successors build the Suez Canal Makes Egypt one of the most strategic places on Earth
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The Middle East: 1750-1914 “Sick Man of Europe” Reforms
Declining agricultural revenues slavery continues Large debts to foreign nations European imports exceed exports Caused massive inflation Reforms Creation of a central bank Factories opened in urban areas Relied heavily on European investment and technology
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Asia: 1750-1914 India China Southeast Asia Indentured Servitude
British transform India from supplier of textiles to exporter of raw cotton Also export opium, coffee, and tea China Opium War ends Canton system Opium trade reverses causes silver to flow from China Southeast Asia British establish Singapore and colonize other areas to gain access to raw materials Indentured Servitude Thousands of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese migrated to the Caribbean to replace slave labor
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“Coolies in Oceania and beyond…
Often applied to workers from Asia paid for labor for a contracted time Specifically a term for those who were sent to Chinese (Japanese, Korean, Filipinos, Vietnamese) American West, California, Peru, Panama East Asian workers in Hong Kong, Macao, Shanghai and Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Singapore Oceania including Pacific Islands, Hawaii Indians Indian Ocean Islands of Mauritius and Reunion Some Pacific and Caribbean Islands – Fiji, Trinidad and Tabago, Guianas South Africa especially Natal Province and Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar Abolition of Slavery British outlawed slavery in 1807 followed by US, Europeans But labor intensive industries needed cheap labor Sugar cane, coffee, or cotton plantations; mines, railway building, mining of guano Urban domestic labor including laundries, construction workers, porters, maids Recruits Mostly from the poorest population in India, China Later as Europeans destroyed local industry, lower classes also began to sign up Recruitment was supposed to be honest but much trickery, dishonesty Many of the same conditions common to slavery continued with indentured servants After contract fulfilled, many settled in the region they had worked Brazil and the Italians End of slave trade necessitated labor for Brazilian plantations; abolition in 1888 made it imperative Brazilian government contract with Italians to migrate for labor, permanent settlement Brazil was also trying to whiten its population (decrease ration of Africans to Europeans)
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The Americas: Latin America supplied raw materials to the West in exchange for manufactured goods Influence switched from Spain to England Monroe Doctrine Indentured servitude & immigration replace slavery Mexico and Argentina undergo limited industrialization in the late 1800s European migration continues
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The Twentieth Century 1914 – Present
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The West Great Depression Causes Effects
German economic depression, France & England unable to pay war debt; surplus in agriculture & industry; U.S. stock market crash (October 1929); U.S. bank failures Effects Economic nationalism, expansion of welfare state (New Deal in U.S.), increased government regulation of the economy; political radicalization
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The West: Post-WWII Transition from secondary economy (industrial) to a tertiary economy (service) Growth of white-collar jobs Expansion of the welfare state Economic cooperation European Economic Community (eventually EU) IMF and World Bank Multinational corporations Volkswagon built cars in Mexico for U.S. consumers
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Eastern Europe Russia New Economic Policy
Lenin’s response to the Great Depression; minimal impact Collectivization of agriculture Five-Year Plans Command Economy
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Latin America Export raw materials (crops, rubber, etc.) for manufactured goods Industry dominated by Europe Great Depression had major impact Exports fell by over 65% Import Substitution Industrialization Attempts at economic nationalization was often opposed by the U.S. NAFTA
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Africa Export raw materials (cocoa, palm oil, gold, etc.) for manufactured goods Colonial rulers often forced Africans to work in mines or on plantations Post-Independence Debt Emerging markets Low GDP with opportunity for economic growth Violence over resources Conflict diamonds
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The Middle East Post-Independence
Often remained dependent upon trade with Europe Impact of oil economy OPEC Allowed nations to gain tremendous wealth Many countries have used oil wealth to invest in other industries Ford, Citicorp, AIG, etc.
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East Asia Japan, Inc. Little Tigers China
Government works closely with business Little Tigers South Korea – steel, automobiles, etc. Taiwan – textiles then computers Hong Kong – textiles then banking Singapore – shipping China Five-years plans & collectivization under Mao Four modernizations under Deng Xiaoping Semi-autonomous regions
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