1. State versus Nation
A state is a political community in a precise territory.
A nation refers to a sizable group of people united by common race, language, custom or religion.
Countries in which the territories of both the state and nation coincide are referred to as nation-states.
Section 1

2. Four Essential Features of a State
population—the people
territory—established boundaries
sovereignty—supreme and absolute authority within its boundaries
government—central institution
United States Acquisitions
Section 1

3. Essential Features of a State (cont.)
Government is the institution through which a state:
maintains social order;
provides public services; and
enforces decisions that are binding on all its residents.
Section 1

4. Theories of origins of the State
Evolutionary Theory
The state evolved from the family.
The head of the primitive family served as government authority.
Section 1

5. The state was born of force, or the need to resist an enemy.
Force Theory
The state was born of force, or the need to resist an enemy.
A state emerged when everyone in an area was brought under the authority of one person or group.
Divine Right Theory
Certain people are chosen by a god or gods to rule.
Divine right describes European monarchs in the 1600s and 1700s.
Section 1

6. Social Contract Theory
Thomas Hobbes promoted the idea of a social contract in which people surrendered their freedom to the state, but in return they received order and security.
John Locke believed that in a state of nature, men and women had certain natural rights including the rights to:
life,
liberty, and
property.
Section 1

7. Purposes of Government
Four primary purposes:
Maintain social order
Provide public services
Provide security and defense
Provide for the economy
Section 1

8. Government Systems Two primary systems of government: Unitary system
Gives key powers to the central government.
Federal system
Divides key powers between national and state government.
Section 2

9. Constitutions and Government
Constitution - An incomplete guide that states goals and provides a framework for governing.
Constitutional government - limits the powers of those who govern.
Most written constitutions describe the procedure for amending, or changing, the constitution.
Section 2

10. Politics and Government
Politics – The struggle to control government and manage societal conflicts that could influence the lives of individuals.
People participate in politics to:
Influence what benefits and services the government supplies
Turn their values and beliefs into public policy.
Section 2

11. Politics and Government (cont.)
Politics can affect several key matters:
Air and water quality
Economic conditions
Peace and war
Citizen’s rights and freedoms
Section 2

12. Governing in a Complex World
Inequalities among countries can be divided into two major groups:
Industrialized nations - Nations with large industries and advanced technology to provide a comfortable way of life.
Developing nations - Nations that are only beginning to develop industry.
Section 2

13. Major Types of Government
Aristotle’s three major types of governments are:
Autocracy:
One person has all authority.
Example: A monarchy in which a king, queen or emperor inherits the throne and heads the state.
Comparing Governments
Section 3

14. Major Types of Government (cont.)
Oligarchy:
A small group holds power.
Oligarchs derive their power from wealth, social position, military power or a combination of these.
Example: Former Soviet Union
Democracy:
The people govern either directly or through representatives.
In a republic voters elect representatives.
Section 3

15. Characteristics of Democracy
Four main characteristics:
Individual liberty
All people are as free as possible to develop their talents.
Majority rule with minority rights
Elected representatives enact laws that reflect the will of the majority of lawmakers.
The rights of the minority are respected and protected.
Section 3

16. Characteristics of Democracy (cont.)
Free elections
Everyone’s vote carries the same weight.
Citizens vote by secret ballot without coercion or fear of punishment.
Competing political parties.
Rival parties make elections meaningful by giving voters a choice.
Section 3

17. Essential Elements for a Democracy
Five essential elements:
Citizen Participation
Citizens must be willing to participate in civic life.
Favorable Economy
The economy must be prosperous and distribute wealth to many members of society.
Widespread Education
most people are educated.
Section 3

18. Essential Elements for a Democracy (cont.)
Strong Civil Society
Civil society is made up of a network of voluntary associations—economic, political, charitable, religious, and many others that exist outside of government.
Social Consensus
Most people accept democratic values and generally agree about the purpose and limits of government.
Section 3

19. Section 3-End

20. Section 4-Content Vocabulary
economics
capitalism
free market
laissez-faire
socialism
proletariat
bourgeoisie
communism
command economy
Section 4-Content Vocabulary

21. Section 4-Academic Vocabulary
consumer
regulation
capacity
Section 4-Academic Vocabulary

22. Section 4-Reading Strategy
Create a graphic organizer like the one below to explain the five characteristics of capitalism.
Section 4-Reading Strategy

23. Section 4-Polling Question
Which type of economic system do you consider most limiting to the individual citizen?
A. capitalism
B. socialism
C. communism A B C
Section 4-Polling Question

24. The Role of Economic Systems
Economics is the study of how limited resources are used to satisfy people’s seemingly unlimited wants.
All economic systems answer three questions:
What and how much should be produced?
How should goods and services be produced?
Who gets the goods and services that are produced?
Section 4

25. The Role of Economic Systems (cont.)
Economic systems of societies with more political freedom generally have less government regulation than societies with less political freedom.
Section 4

26. An economic system must answer which question?
A. What products and services should be produced?
B. What products and services are most valuable?
C. How much should products and services cost? A B C
Section 4 – DQ1

27. Capitalism Capitalism has five characteristics:
Private ownership and control of property and economic resources.
Free enterprise
Despite significant government regulation, the United States’ economic policies aim to preserve a free market.
Section 4

28. Capitalism (cont.)
Capitalism employs a market system based on competition between buyers and sellers with an emphasis on freedom of choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers and business enterprises.
A free market places no limits on the freedom of buyers and sellers to make economic decisions.
Section 4

29. Capitalism (cont.)
The idea of a laissez-faire economy was advanced by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.
Laissez-faire is French for “to let alone.”
Smith said that the actions of buyers and sellers, not the government, should determine what is produced and bought.
Mixed economies mix elements of capitalism and socialism.
Section 4

30. Which statement is true of a laissez-faire economy?
A. Government and markets have equal control.
B. Government allows the market to determine what is produced and bought.
C. Government promotes capitalism by eliminating free trade. A B C
Section 4 – DQ2

31. Socialism Socialism is an economic system in which a government:
owns the basic means of production,
determines the use of the resources,
distributes the products and wages, and
provides social services such as education, health care, and welfare.
Section 4

32. Socialism (cont.)
Democratic Socialists are socialists who are committed to democracy in the political sphere but want better distribution of economic goods.
Under this government, citizens have basic democratic rights like free speech and free elections but the government owns key industries and makes economic decisions.
Section 4

33. Communism
Communism is the economic system advanced by German philosopher Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto.
Marx defined three classes that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.
The proletariat: the industrial working class, concentrated in factories
The bourgeoisie: the middle class and owners of industrial capital such as factories and land
Section 4

34. Communism (cont.)
The capitalists: the ruling class with power over resources
Under communism, Marx predicted there would only be one class—the working class.
A command economy is one in which the government decides what to produce, how much to produce and how to distribute the goods and services that are produced.
Section 4

35. In a government with a socialist economic system, the basic means of production are owned by
A. the government.
B. the market.
C. the working class.
D. the individual. A B C D
Section 4 – DQ3