1. Ch. 26 Imperialism, Alliances, and War

2. Josiah Strong, Anglo-Saxon Predominance, 1891
What two ideas make Anglo-Saxons the great representatives of mankind?
In paragraph 1, what support is there for the dominance of Anglo-Saxons?
Why does Strong envision a “final competition of races”?
How does Strong’s support for Anglo-Saxons would have supported the emergence of imperialism in the mid-1800s?

3. Social Darwinism
a concept that competition among all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies

4. New Imperialism Imperialism
Establishing authority over another nation by exercising economic or political force or by territorial acquisition

5. How does the belief in Social Darwinism lead to an increase in imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th century by European countries?
Think about Josiah Strong’s view of the world.

6. Darwin and Social Darwinism
The Origins of Species (1859)“natural selection”certain members of a species inherit traits that make them more successful in survival
Social Darwinism“survival of the fittest” (Herbert Spencer)advanced humans evolve; simpler forms of life abandoned
Eugenicsselective breeding of humans
Used to justify the idea that Europeans were superior to Africans and Asiansdominate them

7. Why Imperialism? Read your selected document.
Under the heading “Motives for New Imperialism” write the purpose of imperialism based on your reading.
Share your reason with your group.
Record your group’s findings

8. Motives for the New Imperialism
Economic: trade and invest; raw materials
Cultural: Social/Racial Darwinists believed Europeans must “civilize” the beasts
Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”
Religious: Spread of Christianity
Political: Defer attention from domestic policy; rampant nationalism and competition with other nations
Military: naval bases needed to protect overseas interests

9. The Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution
How would the new technologies, transportation, and medicines allow for the increase in European imperialism?

10. Technological Supremacy
European supremacy items
Breech-loading rifles and rapid-fire weapons
Steam-driven river boats
Telegraph
Discovery of quininetreatment for malaria

11. New Imperialism: Africa and Asia

12. Imperialism in Africa Underline/highlight the following things:
Why slavery ended
European trade with Africa
Time of imperialism and European countries involved
European supremacy
Time of De-colonization
Positive effects of imperialism
Problems of imperialism
Use seven colors and shade the map (leave Independents blank)

13. Map 25–1 IMPERIAL EXPANSION IN AFRICA TO 1880 Until the 1880s, few European countries held colonies in Africa, mostly on its fringes.

14. The Scramble for Africa
Between the late 1870s and 1900 European powers divided the entire continent among themselves, motivated by economic and political competition.
Important African raw materials include ivory, rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold.
Berlin Conference of 1885
Mapped out which European nation had access to certain parts of Africa.
European nations appointed administrators to supervise their African possessions.

15. Elephant tusks in Central Africa
Elephant tusks in Central Africa. Ivory was a prized possession used for decorative purposes and jewelry.
Caravan with Ivory, French Congo, (now the Republic of the Congo). Robert Visser (1882–1894). c. 1890–1900, postcard, collotype. Publisher unknown, ©1900. Postcard Image No. EEPA Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives. National Museum of African Art/Smithsonian Institution

16. Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

17. Regions of Africa
Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco had fallen into the hands of the French before WWI
Libya, once part of the Ottoman Empire, was taken by the Italians
1870s—Belgians, Germans, and French began to lay claim to lands in southern Africa

18. Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

19. Belgian Congo
King Leopold financed African explorations on behalf of Belgium
Berlin Conference outlined European areas of interest
Leopold cultivated the image of a humanitarian ruler while imposing brutal conditions on residents of the Congo.
In thirty years as ruler, approximately one-half of the residents of the Congo were victims of murder, exploitation, starvation, and disease.

20. Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

21. Southern Africa
Important resources include fertile pastures and farm land, deposits of coal, iron ore, gold, diamonds, and copper.
Partially inhabited by the Afrikaners, or Boers, descendents of Dutch settlers
After a series of bloody wars, the British arranged with the Boers for a white-only ruling class.
Apartheid
“Separateness” – the policy that segregated non-whites and granted virtually no civil rights in South Africa.

22. Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

23. Egypt Won independence from Ottomans in mid-1800s
Sold cotton as a cash crop on the international market.
Financed the Suez Canal through foreign loans.
The bankrupt government was overthrown by the army in 1881
Britain defeated the army and installed administrators to ensure repayment of their loans for the Suez Canal and access to the path to India.
Became a British protectorate in the 1880s

24. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was a major engineering achievement that linked Asia to Europe. It also became a major international waterway benefiting all maritime states reducing the distance from London to Bombay in half.
Key Color/Index Stock Imagery, Inc.

25. Conflict over Africa Almost every inch of Africa will be colonized
Exceptions: Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896 and Liberia b/c of link to U.S.
Rivalries from Europe continued into Africa
Britain and France over Sudan (1898)
Germany and France over Morocco (1905)
Britain against S. Africans in Boer War

27. Imperialism in Asia India Japan China Indirect control
Sepoy Mutiny and Queen Victoria
Modernizing India
Effects of nationalism
China
Opium Wars
Treaty of Nanking
Spheres of influence
Open Door Policy
Boxer Rebellion
Japan
American contact
Meiji Restoration
Japanese wars
Significance of strong Japan

28. India
1857—Sepoy Mutiny of native troops against their Indian overlords and British East India Company
Crushed by Britain and led to greater involvement
Britain did not interfere in social structure of their colonies and did implement educational reforms and technological advances
Britain was the most enlightened colonial power

29. China
Carved into spheres of influence by Western powers after Opium Wars
China fought several European powers over control
Result: China gave treaty ports to European powers
Exclusive trading rights were given to Western nations
Open Door Policy (1899)
Proposed by the US, opposed foreign annexations in China and equal opportunity to all nations to trade there.
Boxer Rebellion by Chinese Nationalists crushed by Western powers

30. Japan Resisted Western imperialism
1853 the U.S. opened relations with Japan through Commodore Matthew Perry
Under the Meiji emperor, modernization occurred with elements of Western industry, military, and education
Japan pursued own imperialism by defeating China for control of Korean peninsula and defeating Russia for control of Manchuria

32. Other Areas of Conquest
Dutchexpanded their Dutch East India Company in Indonesia
French seized Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
Germans occupied islands in the Pacific
Russia expanded their control into Persia (Iran)
US seized the Philippines from Spain

34. Asia
The emergence of Japan as a great power frightened the other powers interested in China.
The United States exerted great influence in the Western Hemisphere by virtue of the Monroe Doctrine.
After the Spanish American War, the United States had influence over Cuba, Puerto Rico, part of the Philippines, Samoa, and would soon control Hawaii.
The Ottoman Empire remained vulnerable and had been in decline since the late seventeenth century.

37. An American cartoonist in 1888 depicted John Bull
(England) as the octopus of imperialism, grabbing land on every continent.
The Granger Collection

38. The French in Morocco Many imperialists—European, American, and Asian—claimed altruistic motives for their acquisition of colonies. The French, especially, have always taken pride in bringing “French civilization” to the lands France ruled. This cover of a magazine appeared in November 1911, the year when the French decision to extend and tighten their control of Morocco sparked a serious international crisis. It is a good example of how France justified its colonial empire as a “mission civilitrice,” a vocation to bring civilization to “backward” peoples.
The Granger Collection