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the Crisis of the Union 1850-1860
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ushc 3.1 Evaluate the relative importance of political events and issues that divided the nation and led to civil war, including the compromises reached to maintain the balance of free and slave states, the abolitionist movement, the Dred Scott case, conflicting views on states’ rights and federal authority, the emergence of the Republican Party, and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
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BACK to the Compromise of 1850
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The Compromise of 1850 Admit California as a Free State
For the North: For the South: The New Mexico Territory: Slavery in Washington, DC: Admit California as a Free State STRONGER Fugitive Slave Law Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession Texas sells land / Federal Gov. assumes debt Abolish Slave Trade in Washington, D.C.
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Crisis Averted… 1850 1860 …for now.
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The Compromise of 1850 was supposed to be the final compromise between the sections…
and it was – just for different reasons than Clay had intended.
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De facto Nullification
Personal Liberty Laws Passed by Wisconsin and other Northern states Guaranteed jury trials for accused slaves De facto Nullification
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Harriet Beecher Stowe’s bestselling anti-slavery novel (1852)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe’s bestselling anti-slavery novel (1852) Original Illustrations:
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Some books make us Re-Think
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1852 Presidential Election
1856 1860
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Franklin Pierce (D-NH) Fourteenth President of the U.S. 1853-1857
“Handsome Frank” Mexican War Veteran Kansas-Nebraska Act “Doughface” (Pro-Southern) NOT RENOMINATED “There's nothing left to do but get drunk."
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY In Kansas and Nebraska Territories on the issue of slavery MISSOURI COMPROMISE ANIMATED MAP:
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“Bleeding Kansas” “Race to Kansas” 1855-1859 56 Dead
Proslavery vs. Antislavery “Border Ruffians” (from MO) N.E. Immigrant Aid Society Beecher’s Bibles ANIMATED MAP:
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Bibles “Beecher’s Bibles” New England Emigrant Aid Society
"He (Henry W. Beecher) believed that the Sharps Rifle was a truly moral agency, and that there was more moral power in one of those instruments, so far as the slaveholders of Kansas were concerned, than in a hundred Bibles. You might just as well. . . read the Bible to Buffaloes as to [pro-slavery settlers]; but they have a supreme respect for the logic that is embodied in Sharp's rifle.” New York Tribune, 2/8/1856 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (H.B. Stowe’s relative)
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“Bleeding Kansas” 1855-1859 56 Dead
Lawrence, KS, after the “Sack of Lawrence” by proslavery settlers
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John Brown Bibles Abolitionist Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
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John Steuart Curry, “Tragic Prelude,” 1937-1941
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Conflicting Constitutions
Topeka Antislavery Lecompton Proslavery
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FAIL Republican Party Whig Party Republican Party Free Soil
( ) Republican Party (1854-Present) No longer viable after 1852 election SPLIT: Northern Whigs and Southern Whigs Free Soil NOT abolitionist (although abolitionists supported the Republican Party) New England and “Northwest” power base Northern Whigs + Northern Free Soil Democrats
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“The Crime Against Kansas”
Document 6.5 “The Crime Against Kansas” CHIVALRY Charles Sumner US Senator (Mass.) DON QUIXOTE Don Quixote
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Chivalry
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Brooks/Sumner Incident
(1856) vs. Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) Sen. Charles Sumner (MA)
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SLAP! READ Sumner’s Speech READ Brooks’ Defense
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Nativism
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Nativism = Anti-Immigration
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Philadelphia Nativist Riots
(1844) Anti-Catholic violence For Further Reading: St. Augustine’s Church on Fire
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The American Party “Know Nothings”
NATIVISM CATHOLICS IMMIGRANTS NOTE: Antebellum immigrants were mostly from Germany and Ireland. “I know nothing…”
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“Citizen Know Nothing”
A Mascot for the Movement Ted Nugent: A Real American Click for Article
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1856 Presidential Election
1852 1856 1860
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Ah! Fremont, your sectional Gun has exploded just as I predicted, but my American rifle will bring down that Old Buck. Oh! Brother Beecher! Our Kansas Gun has bursted and upset our gunner. I’m afraid we put in too big a load. Confound the Gun! if I can only get out of this muss I’ll stick to preaching and let fire-arms alone. Abolition Bog
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James Buchanan (D-PA) Fifteenth President of the U.S. 1857-1861
Pierce’s Minister to Great Britain – abroad during Kan/Neb Act controversy Sectional Turmoil Escalated Indecisive concerning secession Only bachelor to occupy the White House
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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) FACTS OF THE CASE:
Dred Scott, a slave, lived with his master in free territory for two years. Scott claimed this made him a free man.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) THE DECISION: Judicial Activism
People of African descent (incl. Scott) could not be U.S. citizens. Congress can’t forbid slavery in federal territories (violation of property rights) Ergo, the Missouri Compromise is Unconstitutional Judicial Activism
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When Judges Write the Law
Judicial Activism When Judges Write the Law EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGISLATIVE BRANCH JUDICIAL BRANCH President Congress Supreme Court ____________ Laws _____________ Laws
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“Slave Power” Conspiracy?
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
(1857) Illinois Senate Race Stephen Douglas (Democratic Incumbent) Abraham Lincoln (Republican Challenger) FOCUS: Free Soil Significance: Douglas wins, but loses popularity in the South. Lincoln becomes a national figure. Lincoln-Douglas Debate Memorial
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“House Divided” Speech Abraham Lincoln
1858
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John Brown’s Raid (1859) OBJECTIVE: TREASON Seize a federal arsenal
Harpers Ferry, VA TREASON Tried, Convicted, Executed Different reactions in North and South
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Paranoia NORTH: “Slave Power” Conspiracy
The South wants to spread slavery throughout the nation Mason-Dixon Line SOUTH: North plans to destroy Southern slavery by igniting slave revolts.
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1860 Presidential Election
1852 1856 1860
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Abraham Lincoln (R-IL) Sixteenth President of the U.S. 1861-1865
Democratic Party split Election prompted secession of states in the Deep South
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Secession
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